Modern Classic Theory

1. Modern Classic Theory Dog visual shallow features letters D O G sounds “d” “o” “g” dog word deep Dog Memories Saw “Lassie” On TV meanings 4-legs barks animal pet Chase Got Bit In May FIDO my dog Cats Knowledge about dogs

2. Modern Classic Theory Dog Sensory memory visual shallow features letters D O G Activation Of shallowest levels sounds “d” “o” “g” dog word deep Dog Memories Saw “Lassie” On TV meanings 4-legs barks animal pet Chase Got Bit In May FIDO my dog Cats Knowledge about dogs

3. Modern Classic Theory Dog Short-term store visual shallow features letters D O G Temporary activation of medium and deep Levels (limited Capacity) sounds “d” “o” “g” dog word deep Dog Memories Saw “Lassie” On TV meanings 4-legs barks animal pet Chase Got Bit In May FIDO my dog Cats Knowledge about dogs

4. Modern Classic Theory transfer to LTS (add new Structure) Saw on List Tuesday Oct 8 Dog visual shallow features letters D O G sounds “d” “o” “g” dog word deep Dog Memories Saw “Lassie” On TV meanings 4-legs barks animal pet Chase Got Bit In May FIDO my dog Cats Knowledge about dogs

5. What is long-term store? General Knowledge Memory for events in your life Skills

6. What is long-term store? General Knowledge Memory for events in your life Skills • Episodic Memory • I remember the time when I forgot the • classroom combination • I remember the time when I fell off my tricycle

7. What is long-term store? General Knowledge Memory for events in your life Skills Semantic Memory I know that 8 is a number. I know that Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse.

8. What is long-term store? General Knowledge Memory for events in your life Skills Procedural Memory I know how to play tennis I know how to speak

9. What is long-term store? General Knowledge Memory for events in your life Skills Semantic and episodic memory together are called Declarative or Propositional Memory. They store meaning.

10. Forgetting from LTS Decay theory Memories fade with time Interference Theory Memories are lost as a direct result of other learning New learning interferes with old learning Same issue as in extinction decay vs. inhibition

11. Minami & Dallenbach (1946 Cockroach Experiment Shock Trained until learn to avoid shock Normal Activity Sensory Deprivation

12. 100% 100% 1 2 3 8 interval (hours) 1 2 3 8 (hours) In Box Savings in relearning Normal Activity Memory is lost due to interference Jenkins & Dallenbach (1924) (humans) after Sleep (60%) % correct recall (10%) awake

13. Studies of Interference Similarity Principle The more similar any two events are, the more their memories interfere with each other Example B C P T V E C (hard) Y B S K X O P (easy)

14. … Event Event EventEventEvent Event ….. your life PI RI PI RI attempt to recall PI = proactive interference RI = retroactive interference

15. Similarity in paired-associate learning The retroactive interference (RI) paradigm Experimental Group Control Group List 1 List 1 DAX-quickly same items ZIL-happy YOV-trouble learn until perfect List 2 DAX-soldier ZIL-traffic rest YOV-heavy Test for DAX-? DAX-? List 1 ZIL-? ZIL? YOV-? YOV-? control group is better

16. RI experiment shows that new learning interferes with old learning Does old learning interfere with new learning? YES, Proactive Interference (PI) Experiment Experiment Group Learn List 1 Learn List 2 Recall List 2 Control Group Rest Learn List 2 Recall List 2 Control group does better

17. Release from P.I. (Wickens) change category % correct don’t change category | | | | 1 2 3 4 Trials • Proactive interference increases from trial • 1 to 3 • But if items on 4th trial are very different, • recall is better • Shows that similarity causes interference

18. Which changes give the biggest release from PI? Hi-release animals - furniture numbers - letters “good” words - “bad” words Lo-release 2-syllable — 3-syllable ink color A change in meaning produces biggest release

19. What release from PI experiments tell us • similar things interfere in memory • the similarity that matters in recall from • LTS is semantic • Therefore, words are stored in LTS in • terms of their meaning

20. Do we ever really forget? Once in LTS, does it stay? Loftus & Loftus (1980) Which do you believe? (1) Everything we learn is permanently in the mind, although sometimes particular details are not accessible. With hypnosis or other techniques, inaccessible details could be recovered. (2) Some details that we learn may be permanently lost from memory. Such details could never be recovered because they are no longer there.

21. Are these reasons for believing memory is permanent? • Penfield’s brain stimulation experiments • hypnosis • spontaneous recovery of memories • psychoanalysis • From Loftus & Loftus (1980)

22. Loftus’s Experiment Subjects view a series of slides STOP STOP

23. Yield Sign Phase 2 Subjects asked 20 questions “Did you see a tree?” “What color was the car?” “Did another car come up behind the red car when it went through the yield sign?” (misleading question) Phase 3 Forced choice recognition test A or B? Stop Sign

24. Results of Stop-Yield Experiment If you got misleading question, 80% picked the wrong slide If you did not get the misleading question (control group), subjects picked the correct slide Loftus’s Interpretation old memory (stop sign) is replaced by the new information (yield sign) OLD MEMORY IS GONE BUT….. This experiment does not prove the old memory is gone, only that it was not retrieved.

25. Is Old Memory Really Gone? Other experiments by Loftus Subjects told afterward that they may have been fooled; 90% still thought it was a yield sign Offered $25 if they got it right Still got it wrong Hypnosis (Putnam, 1979) made subjects worse

26. STOP McCloskey & Zaragoza’s Criticism You don’t forget the stop sign, you fail to retrieve it When you fail to retrieve it you must guess on the test AND subjects are biased to guess “yield” because they remember the question “yield sign”

27. McCloskey & Zaragoza’s Experiment Phase 1 Slides - petty theft of money man reaches in tool box under a hammer to steal money Phase 2 Misled Group Read transcript of event that mentions “screwdriver” Control Group Transcript mentions “hammer”

28. Phase 3 Half of the subjects in control and misled group are tested on the original Loftus procedure Was it a hammer or a screwdriver? The misled group chooses hammer38% The control group chooses hammer72% The other half of the subjects are tested on a modified procedure Was it a hammer or a wrench? misled group “hammer”72% control group “hammer”75% Original memory of “hammer” is NOT destroyed in misled condition

29. Meaning Semantics is the study of meaning. Problem: What is the mental representation of the meaning of a sentence? Color of grass = “Grass is green” Methods Linguistics Artificial Intelligence Experimental Psychology

30. Meaning of a sentence = a set of propositions Proposition = “a basic idea” a unit of meaning just large enough to be true or false Propositions ROSES ARE RED MY DOG HAS FLEAS GRASS IS PURPLE Not propositions DOGS PURPLE

31. A proposition isn’t a sentence; It’s a thought “The book is red” “The book’s color is red” “Das buch ist rot” (German) Complex sentences express more than one proposition “The big brown dog is hungry” 1. DOG1 is BIG 2. DOG1 is BROWN 3. DOG1 is HUNGRY “Jane and Bill are students” express the same proposition

32. Formal Treatment Proposition = Abstract unit of meaning that expresses a relation among concepts concepts “John” “dogs’ “Fido” “justice” (nouns or noun phrases) Relations (verbs or verb- like words or phrases) “gives” “likes” “is next to” Concepts Relation IS NEXT TO (JOHN, BILL) LIKES (JOHN, BILL) likes JOHN BILL

33. CHAIR TABLE BACK FLAT Semantic Memory (General Knowledge Basic Facts “Generic” Memory) contains propositions concepts is has relation

34. Furniture Sitting Back Flat 4 legs Table Chair Semantic Memory Network of Propositions is is used for is has has has

35. Furniture Sitting Back Flat 4 legs Table Chair Semantic Memory Network of Propositions is is used for is has has has Cognitive Economy Question FOUND IN (CHAIRS, BUILDINGS) FOUND IN (TABLES, BUILDINGS) FOUND IN (FURNITURE, BUILDINGS) How are these propositions represented in semantic memory?

36. Furniture Buildings Sitting Back Flat 4 legs Table Chair Semantic Memory Network of Propositions found in is is found in used for is has has has found in One possibility: Non-economical Storage Store everything separately FOUND IN (TABLE, BUILDINGS) FOUND IN (CHAIR, BUILDINGS) FOUND IN (FURNITURE, BUILDINGS)

37. Furniture Buildings Sitting Back Flat 4 legs Table Chair Semantic Memory Network of Propositions found in is is used for is has has has Other possibility: Economical Storage Store only what is necessary. If you can infer something from what is already stored, don’t store it. STORE: FOUND IN (FURNITURE, BUILDINGS) DON’T FOUND IN (TABLE, BUILDINGS) STOREFOUND IN (CHAIR, BUILDINGS)

38. skin animal has bird feathers is fly has can sing canary is can’t is yellow ostrich can is Economical Storage - only what’s necessary Non-economical Storage - store everything Collins & Quillian (p. 417)

39. SUPPORTS skin animal has bird feathers is fly has can sing canary is can’t is yellow ostrich can is Economical Storage - only what’s necessary Non-economical Storage - store everything Each link adds .08 seconds “Canaries have skin” RT = 1.46 sec “Canaries can fly” RT = 1.38 sec “Canaries are yellow” RT = 1.30 sec Collins & Quillian (p. 417)

40. animal teeth fish gills shark Conrad’s Experiment “A shark has teeth” “A shark has gills” Should be harder have is have is But results showed “A shark has teeth” is faster Conclude Cognitive economy does not occur for frequently associated properties

41. animal teeth fish gills teeth shark Conrad’s Experiment “A shark has teeth” “A shark has gills” Should be harder have is have is have But results showed “A shark has teeth” is faster Conclude Cognitive economy does not occur for frequently associated properties

42. Semantic Memory Knowledge of facts is canary bird Episodic Memory Personal events “I remember going bowling last October” Are episodic and semantic memories part of the same memory system. Or are they separate kinds of memory: Our intuitions suggest that they are different.

43. The relation between episodic and semantic memories Events in your life Memory for the specific event (episodic memory) Memory for the facts that you learn from events (semantic memory)

44. Yellows Amethyst Semantic memories are strong (often used) Many episodic memories are hard to retrieve (not often used, much more interference) Source amnesia (Thorn, 1960) We can forget the event, but remember the facts Semantic Part turns Episodic Part learned I May 10) hypnotized (while

45. Source amnesia in hypnosis • (Thorn, 1960) • subjects hypnotized • given general test of semantic memory, e.g., • “An amethyst is a blue or purple • gem. What color does it turn when • heated?” • subject told “yellow” • subject awakened • Asked same question. • Gets it right, but doesn’t know the source • forgot episodic (event) • remembered semantic (general knowledge)

46. George Washington First President was 2nd grade teacher said (Jan 10 in school)

47. George Washington George Washington First President First President was 2nd grade teacher said (Jan 10 in school) Older Sister said (May 3 at home)

48. George Washington George Washington George Washington First President First President First President was 2nd grade teacher said (Jan 10 in school) Older Sister said (May 3 at home) read I (June 10 at home)

49. Semantic and episodic memory are in the same memory system. But we often forget episodic memories because they have more interference and are used less often.

50. Thirsty Windows Circular Generation Triumph Dilute Scorpion Perfume Mortal Gothic Spices Bridal N O S R L