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Pilot Compliance to TCAS Resolution Advisories

Pilot Compliance to TCAS Resolution Advisories. Authors: Amy R. Pritchett , Scottie-Beth Fleming Presented by: Rachel A. Haga Cognitive Engineering Center, Georgia Tech 32 nd DASC , Oct. 9, 2013. Work sponsored by the FAA, Tom McCloy as Technical Monitor. Outline.

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Pilot Compliance to TCAS Resolution Advisories

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  1. Pilot Compliance to TCAS Resolution Advisories Authors: Amy R. Pritchett , Scottie-Beth Fleming Presented by: Rachel A. Haga Cognitive Engineering Center, Georgia Tech 32nd DASC , Oct. 9, 2013 Work sponsored by the FAA, Tom McCloy as Technical Monitor

  2. Outline

  3. Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance • TCAS delivers a two stage advisory and vertical avoidance maneuver • Traffic Advisory (TA) - ‘Traffic Traffic’ • Resolution Advisory (RA) - ‘Climb Climb’ • Pilot is to follow an RA, even if it conflicts with ATC instructions, unless the pilot believes that safe flight would be jeopardized Traffic Situation Display Vertical Speed Indicator with Climb RA Federal Aviation Administration (2000). Introduction to TCAS II Version 7. Washington, D.C.

  4. Motivation & Purpose Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance For The Experiments Motivation: TOPA observed compliance rates of 41% to Climb RA’sand 59% to Descend RA’s Purpose: Study contributing factors and potential solutions to inform future FAA regulation For This Work Motivation: Have concluded four studies Purpose: Condensing the message into the essential ‘So What?’ Olson, W. and J. Olszta (2010).TCAS Operational Performance Assessment in the U.S. National Airspace. IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Olszta, J., & Olson, W. (2011). Characterization and Analysis of Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Resolution Advisories Resulting for 500' and 1,000' Vertical Separation. Paper presented at the Ninth USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar (ATM 2011), Berlin, Germany.

  5. The Experiment Setup

  6. Overview of Study Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance Participants • Active air transport or regional pilots • Received TCAS training according to FAA training standards • 12 – 18 pilots per study Traffic events • Advisory type and aircraft trajectory • TA, Climb RA, Descend RA, Crossing Descend RA • RA caused by VFR Traffic • ATC information • Traffic Callout, Party-line Information, Conflicting ATC/TCAS Guidance • Traffic density • Heavy and Light

  7. Simulator Study in Integrated Flightdeck – ATC Environment Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance Audio Communications (Aviation Intercom) SideStick ATC->TSD VGA Simulation Architecture Air Traffic Simulator (TGF) PFD ATC Captain TSD Air Traffic Transcripts Charts & Checklists Eyetracker ND PartyLine B747-400 Simulator (RFS) Touch screen First Officer PFD TCAS Logic TCAS Alerts ND Experimenter/Instructor Pritchett, A., Fleming, E., Cleveland, W., Zoetrum, J., Popescu, V., & Thakkar, D. (2012). Pilot Interaction with TCAS and Air Traffic Control. Paper presented at the 2nd International Conference on Application and Theory of Automation in Command and Control Systems (ATACCS), London.

  8. Pilot Compliance

  9. Definition of Compliance Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance Pilot’s Response Fully Complied? No Percentage Compliance 60% TCAS RA Maneuver Not in Compliance In Compliance 10 seconds 15 seconds Vertical Speed time 2 ½ sec 5 seconds Clear of Conflict TCAS weakens required vertical rate RA Climb TCAS assumed ¼ g pull-up TCAS assumed constant vertical RA rate

  10. Overall Compliance Rate Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance 68% fully complied with TCAS RAs On average complied for 96.6% durationof a RA

  11. How are pilot’s not complying? Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance Mean time to disengage: 2.14 s No trend among outliers Time to disconnect No buffer = 62% compliance 3 fps buffer = 68% compliance Tracking vertical speed 6% increase Time when pilot first achieved vertical rate

  12. Operational Factors Impacting Compliance Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance Traffic Events RA Type ATC Communication Traffic Density

  13. Potential Interventions Traffic Situation Displays Additional Training Automatic RA

  14. Traffic Situation Displays: Current Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance Traffic Advisory “Traffic Traffic” Resolution Advisory “Climb Climb”

  15. Traffic Situation Displays: TSD+ Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance TSD+ Layout and Symbology

  16. Traffic Situation Displays: VSD Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance VSD Layout and Symbology

  17. Traffic Situation Displays Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance No significant impact on compliance

  18. Ground and Simulation Training Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance Approach to Training Design Complement of Two Methods Demonstration Based Training Event Based Training • Presents traffic events that create the requirement to act • Builds context and complexity into each scenario as the flight progresses • Uses a more realistic training environment • Computer-Based Training • Introduction to TCAS • Traffic Situation Display • TCAS Advising Logic • Traffic Advisories • Resolution Advisories • Example Timeline of RA Evolution • Mid-Training Quizzes

  19. Ground and Simulation Training Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance

  20. Automatic Resolution Advisory Response Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance Pilots left autopilot engaged for 83% (53 of 64 RAs) of the runs Disengaged generally for Crossing Climb RA

  21. Conclusions

  22. Conclusions Potential Interventions Experimental Setup Motivation & Background Conclusions Pilot Compliance • Motivation • Pilot compliance to TCAS is low • Pilot Compliance • In compliance for 96.6% of the duration of the RA, on average • Fully complied for 68% of the runs • Potential Interventions • Changes to TSD had no significant impact • Training program was effective • Auto RA increased full compliance but greatly decreases percentage compliance for crossing climb

  23. Questions?

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