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THE PASSIVE VOICE

THE PASSIVE VOICE. Passive voice does NOT mean “past tense.” There are 2 voices of verbs in Latin: Active voice Passive voice. In the active voice, the subject PERFORMS THE ACTION of the verb. Puellae aquam portant. (The girls carry water.).

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THE PASSIVE VOICE

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  1. THE PASSIVE VOICE

  2. Passive voice does NOT mean “past tense.” • There are 2 voices of verbs in Latin: • Active voice • Passive voice

  3. In the active voice, the subjectPERFORMS THE ACTION of the verb.

  4. Puellae aquam portant.

  5. (The girls carry water.)

  6. In the passive voice, the subject is ACTED UPON by the verb.

  7. Aqua a puellis portatur.

  8. (The water is carried by the girls.)

  9. Puella aquam potat.potat: drinks

  10. Aqua a puella potatur.

  11. Ablative of Agent • The words “a” and “ab” can mean “by” in Latin. • They are used with passive voice verbs to tell “by whom” something is done.

  12. Ablative of Agent • The noun (agent) will be in the ablative case. • Ablative endings: • -a, -o (singular) • -is (plural).

  13. Aqua a puellis portatur. ABLATIVE OF AGENT

  14. In Latin, there are special endings to show that the verbs are in the passive voice!

  15. Here are thepassive voice endings:

  16. portor I am (being) carried… portaris you are (being) carried… portatur portamur portamini portantur portare--passive voice

  17. -bar I was being verbed -baris you were being verbed -batur he/she/it was being verbed -bamur we were being verbed -bamini Y’all were being verbed -bantur They were being verbed Imperfect Tense---passive voice

  18. -bor I will be verbed -beris you will be verbed -bitur he/she/it will be verbed -bimur we will be verbed -bimini y’all will be verbed -buntur they will be verbed Future Tense---passive voice 1st/2nd conjugation

  19. -ar I will be verbed -eris you will be verbed -etur he/she/it will be verbed -emur we will be verbed -emini y’all will be verbed -entur they will be verbed Future Tense---passive voice 3rd/4th conjugation

  20. Perfect Participles • In Latin, the PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE is the 4th PRINCIPAL PART of the verb. It generally ends in –tus or –sus: • Porto, portare, portavi, PORTATUS • PORTATUS: “Having been carried” or just “carried” • Mitto, mittere, misi, MISSUS • MISSUS: “sent” or “having been sent” • These words decline in 1st/2nd declensions just like any other –us, -a, -um adjective. Only the –us ending is listed in your vocabulary.

  21. Forming perfect passive tenses • Now that you’ve learned participles, it’s time to put them to good use! • The perfect passive participle (part 4 of the verb’s principal parts) is used to make PASSIVE VOICE of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. • Remember that the participle is an adjective, so we’re going to have to tweak its ending a little bit as we conjugate from singular to plural and from gender to gender. • Perfect passive tenses are unique in that they use 2 words: a participle and a form of sum.

  22. Perfect Passive Tense • Take the perfect passive participle of a verb. • Add the present tense of “sum” as a helping verb. Yes, you’re using the PRESENT tense of sum to form a PAST tense verb. Be careful not to translate “sum” as present tense when it’s partnered up with a participle. You’ll see why on the next page….

  23. duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead Singular Plural 1st ductus ducti 2nd ductus ducti 3rd ductus ducti sum est es sumus sunt estis

  24. Pluperfect Passive: The Same Pattern! Just use “eram” as your helping verb. amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love

  25. duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead Singular Plural 1st ductus ducti 2nd ductus ducti 3rd ductus ducti eram erat eras eramus erant eratis

  26. Future Perfect Passive: The Same Pattern AGAIN! Just use “ero” as your helping verb (future of sum) amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love

  27. duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead Singular Plural 1st ductus ducti 2nd ductus ducti 3rd ductus ducti ero erit eris erimus erunt eritis

  28. Matching Practice(watch out for genders and plurals!) • missa est a. He will be sent • missa erunt b. it will have been sent • 3. missum est c. They had been sent • mittetur d. She has been sent • missae sunt e. They were being sent • mittebantur f. They will have been sent • missus est g. They are sent • mittuntur h. They have been sent • missi erant i. It was sent • missum erit j. He has been sent

  29. Practice Sentences • Litterae in otio scribuntur. • Nautae ad provincias mittentur. • Viri in agris a puellis videbantur. • Pauci libri lecti erant. • Puella a puero amata est.

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