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Chapter 17

Chapter 17. Reconstruction. R E C O N S T R U C T I O N. 1865 TO 1877. 1. The Aftermath 2. Problems: The South Freedmen Leadership 3. President Andrew Johnson 4. Power Struggle: Johnson vs. Congress President’s plan : gentle ---1865 to 1867 Radical Republicans ---opposed Johnson

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Chapter 17

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  1. Chapter 17 Reconstruction

  2. R E C O N S T R U C T I O N 1865 TO 1877 • 1. The Aftermath • 2. Problems: • The South • Freedmen • Leadership • 3. President Andrew Johnson • 4. Power Struggle: Johnson vs. Congress • President’s plan: gentle---1865 to 1867 • Radical Republicans---opposed Johnson • Congress’s plan: harsh---1867 to 1876 • South followed Johnson’s plan until??????

  3. What went wrong? • Black Codes---1865 to 1866 • Johnson vetoed Civil Rights Act for Freedmen • Congress impeached Pres. Johnson---1868 • Election of 1868: President Grant enforces Congress’s “harsh” plan • Reconstruction Act of 1867 • 4. Revolutionary changes • Civil War Amendments: • 13th, 14th and 15th • Effects of Emancipation on Freedmen • Freedmen’s Bureau • New South • Abolished slavery • gained citizenship • right to vote

  4. 13th AMENDMENT Slavery Abolished “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

  5. R E C O N S T R U C T I O N • Human toll of the Civil War: The North lost 364,000 soldiers. The South lost 260,000 soldiers. • Between 1865 and 1877, the federal government carried out a program to repair the damage to the South and restore the southern states to the Union. This program was known asReconstruction. • Freedmen(freed slaves) were starting out their new lives in a poor region with slow economic activity. • Plantation owners lost slave labor worth $3 billion. • Poor white Southerners could not find work because of new job competition fromFreedmen. • The war had destroyed two thirds of the South’s shipping industry and about 9,000 miles of railroad.

  6. Wartime Reconstruction • Lincoln announces lenient policy in 1863 • Congress resents Lincoln’s effort to control • Congressmen seek to condition readmission to Union on black suffrage • Congress mistrusts white Southerners

  7. Remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War. Lincoln chose him as his VP to help with the South’s Reconstruction. Supported Lincoln’s Plan Engaged in a power struggle with Congress over who would lead the country through Reconstruction. Would be impeached but not removed from office PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON

  8. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION • Johnson’s plan to readmit the South was considered too gentle. • Amnesty:Presidential pardon • Rebels sign an oath of allegiance • 10% of the population • Even high ranking Confederate officials • Write new state Constitutions • approve the 13th Amendment • reject secession and state’s rights • submit to U.S. Government authority • Repudiate all Confederate Debt • No mention of • Education for freedmen • Citizenship and voting rights

  9. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION Reconstruction Act of 1867--76(Harsh) • Amnesty : Presidential pardon • oath of allegiance---50% • high ranking Confederate officials • loose voting rights if you don’t sign oath • Write new state Constitutions • Ratify: 13, 14 & 15 Amendments • reject secession and state’s rights • submit to U.S. Government authority • Help for Freedmen • Freedmen’s Bureau for education • 40 acres and a mule • Divide the South into 5 military districts

  10. RADICAL REPUBLICANS Charles Summner Thaddeus Stevens • Wanted to the see the South punished. • Advocated political, social and economic equality for the Freedmen. • Would go after President Johnson through the impeachment process after he vetoes the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

  11. FREEDMEN'S BUREAU 1865, Congress created the Freedman’s Bureau to help former slaves get a new start in life. This was the first major relief agency in United States history. Bureau’s Accomplishments • Built thousands of schools to educate Blacks. • Former slaves rushed to get an education for themselves and their children. • Education was difficult and dangerous to gain. • Southerners hated the idea that Freedmen would go to school.

  12. The White South’s Fearful Response • The dominant emotion in the Southern post-war white community was fear of newly freed slaves; of rape and revenge • Almost all societal norms in the South had been reversed as a result of losing the war • Southern legislatures passed “Black Codes” the first year after the war to secure white dominance

  13. BLACK CODES • Similar to Slave Codes. • Restricted the freedom of movement. • Limited their rights as free people.

  14. BLACK CODES • As southern states were restored to the Union under President Johnson’s plan, they began to enact black codes, laws that restricted freedmen’s rights. • The black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as these: • Curfews: Generally, black people could not gather after sunset. • Vagrancy laws: Freedmen convicted of vagrancy– that is, not working– could be fined, whipped, or sold for a year’s labor. • Labor contracts: Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work. Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned. • Land restrictions: Freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This restriction forced them to live on plantations.

  15. President Johnson vetoed theCivil RightsAct of 1866 Gave $$$$ to Freedmen’s Bureau for schools and granted citizenship to the Freedmen Congress believed Johnson was working against Reconstruction and overrode his veto. Pres. Johnson impeached Led to the 14th Amendment An inflexible President, 1866: Republican cartoon shows Johnson knocking Blacks of the Freedmen’s Bureau by his veto.

  16. Impeachment process IMPEACHMENT PROCESS Impeachment:Bringing charges against the President. Two steps involved…… 1st Step:U. S. House of Representatives hold hearings to decide if there are crimes committed. They then vote on the charges and if there is a majority, then, charges are brought against the President. 2nd Step:U.S. Senate becomes a courtroom. The President is tried for the charges brought against him. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is the judge. Once trial is completed, Senators must vote to remove President with a 2/3’s vote.

  17. JOHNSON'S IMPEACHMENT • Brought up on 11 charges of high crimes and misdemeanors. • Tenure in Office Act: Law Congress passed. President can’t fire any of his cabinet members without consulting Congress. • fired Edwin Stanton • Missed being removed from office by 1 vote • Presidency would suffer as a result of this failed impeachment. • President would be more of a figure-head. • Saved the separation of powers of 3 branches govt.

  18. Reconstructing Southern Society • Three contending interests in South 1. Southern whites seek to keep newly-freed blacks inferior 2. Northern whites seek to make money or to "civilize" the region 3. Blacks seek equality • Decline of federal interest in Reconstruction permits triumph of reaction and racism

  19. Reorganizing Land and Labor • Ex-slaves wish to work their own land • Federal government sometimes grants land • Land reverts to white owners under Johnson • Slave owners try to impose contract labor • Blacks insist on sharecropping • Sharecropping soon becomes peonage

  20. Republican Rule in the South • 1867--Southern Republican party organized • businesspeople want government aid • white farmers want protection from creditors • blacks form majority of party, want social and political equality • Republican coalition unstable • Republicans break up when whites leave

  21. Republican Rule in the South (2) • Republicans improve public education, welfare, and transportation • Republican state legislatures corrupt • whites control most Radical state governments • African Americans given blame for corruption

  22. A VICIOUS CYCLE OF DEBT 1. Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no homes, and no money to buy land. 6. Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as he is in debt to the landlord. 2. Landowners need laborers and have no money to pay laborers. ECONOMIC SLAVERY • 3. Hire poor whites and freedmen as laborers • Sign contracts to work landlord’s land in exchange for a part of the crop. • 5. At harvest time, the sharecropper is paid. • Pays off debts. • If sharecropper owes more to the landlord or store than his share of the crop is worth; 4. Landlord keeps track of the money that sharecroppers owe him for housing, food or local store.

  23. The 14th and 15th Amendments • In 1867 and 1869 Congress passed the 14th and 15th Amendments, granting African American males citizenship, equality under the law and the right to vote. • In 1867 and 1868, voters in southern states chose delegates to draft new state constitutions. One quarter of the delegates elected were black. • The new state constitutions guaranteed civil rights, allowed poor people to hold political office, and set up a system of public schools and orphanages. • In 1870, southern black men voted in legislative elections for the first time. More than 600 African Americans were elected to state legislatures, Louisiana gained a black governor, and Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first African American elected to the Senate.

  24. 14th AMENDMENT Rights of Citizens “All persons born in the U.S. are citizens of this country and the state they reside in. No state shall make or enforce any law which deprives any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction to the equal protection of the laws.” The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

  25. 15th AMENDMENT Voting Rights “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

  26. CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS • 13th AmendmentAbolished slavery(1865) • 14th Amendment Provided citizenship & equal protection under the law. (1868) • 15th Amendment Provided the right to vote for all men which included white and black men. (1870) Giving the Black man the right to vote was truly revolutionary……..A victory for democracy!

  27. Women’s Right’s Movement Crumbles • Women rights supporters refused to support the 14th Amendment giving African American men citizenship unless women were added to it. • Abolitionists would not support women’s rights

  28. Black Congressmen First Black Senators and representatives in the 42st and 42nd Congress. Senator Hiram Revels, on the left was elected in 1870 to replace the seat vacated by Jefferson Davis.

  29. The Taste of Freedom • Freedom of movement: Enslaved people often walked away from plantations upon hearing that the Union army was near. • Exodusters: moved to Kansas and Texas • Freedom to own land:Proposals to give white-owned land to freed people got little support from the government. Unofficial land redistribution did take place, however. • Freedom to worship:African Americans formed their own churches and started mutual aid societies, debating clubs, drama societies, and trade associations. • Freedom to learn:Between 1865 and 1870, black educators founded 30 African American colleges.

  30. Hopes Among the Freedmen • Blacks tested their new freedom gradually • Most freed slaves made education a priority • Many left their plantations in search of a family member who had been sold • The primary goal for these freedpeople was to secure jobs and land; they expected a new economic order and some compensation for their years in slavery

  31. Claiming Public and Private Rights • Freed slaves viewed legalized marriage as an important step in claiming political rights • They also formed churches, fraternal and benevolent associations, political organizations, and schools • Education for children was a top priority

  32. Freedmen’s Bureau 5

  33. Funding Reconstruction • Rebuilding the South’s infrastructure, the public property and services that a society uses, was one giant business opportunity. • Roads, bridges, canals, railroads, and telegraph lines had to be rebuilt. • Funds were also needed to expand services to southern citizens. Following the North’s example, all southern states created public school systems by 1872. • Congress, private investors, and heavy taxes paid for Reconstruction. Spending by Reconstruction legislatures added another $130 million to southern debt.

  34. The Abandonment of Reconstruction • The Election of Grant • Gen. Grant elected in 1868 • 1870: Fifteenth Amendment ratified; granted suffrage to blacks • Proponents of women’s suffrage disappointed by amendment’s silence on women’s suffrage

  35. The Grant Administration • Corruption under Grant was rampant • Reformers began to focus on cleaning up corruption rather than on blacks’ rights • Growing Northern Disillusionment • Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the last major piece of Reconstruction legislation • Waning northern concern with Reconstruction • Economic depression in 1873 led to Democratic resurgence

  36. K K K • Ku Klux Klan refers to a secret society or an inner circle • Organized in 1867, in Polaski, Tennessee by Nathan Bedford Forrest. • Represented the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers • Disrupted Reconstruction as much as they could. • Opposed Republicans, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags and Freedmen. KKK

  37. The Ku Klux Klan The Klan sought to eliminate the Republican Party in the South by intimidating voters. They wanted to keep African Americans as submissive laborers. They planted burning crosses on the lawns of their victims and tortured, kidnapped, or murdered them. Prosperous African Americans, carpetbaggers, and scalawags became their victims. The Federal Response President Grant’s War On Terrorism. The Enforcement Act of 1870 banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting. Other laws banned the KKK and used the military to protect voters and voting places. As federal troops withdrew from the South, black suffrage all but ended. K K K Spreading Terror

  38. kkk K K K SOUTH'S COUNTER REVOLUTION ALL HATED BY THE KKK CarpetbaggersNortherners/Republicans sent to help reconstruct the South…. ScalawagsSoutherners who helped Carpetbaggers Freedmen Blacks who tried to vote or were involved in the reconstruction of their states governments.

  39. THE REPUBLICAN SOUTH During Radical Reconstruction, the Republican Party was a mixture of people who had little in common except a desire to prosper in the postwar South. This bloc of voters included freedmen and two other groups: carpetbaggers and scalawags. • Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South became known as carpetbaggers. • Southerners gave them this insulting nickname, which referred to a type of cheap suitcase made from carpet scraps. • Carpetbaggers were often depicted as greedy men seeking to grab power or make a fast buck.

  40. THE REPUBLICAN SOUTH • White southern Republicans were seen as traitors and called scalawags. • This was originally a Scottish word meaning “scrawny cattle.” • Refers to one who is a “scoundrel”, reprobate or unprincipled person. • Some scalawags were former Whigs who had opposed secession. • Some were small farmers who resented the planter class. Many scalawags, but not all, were poor.

  41. SHARECROPPING • Sharecroppers were Freedmen and poor Whites who stayed in the South and continued to farm. • Freedmen signed a work contract with their former masters . • Picked cotton or whatever crop the landowner had. • Freedmen did not receive “40 acres and a mule”

  42. SHARECROPPING • Sharecropping is primarily used in farming • Landowner provided land, tools, animals, house and charge account at the local store to purchase necessities • Freedmen provided the labor. • Sharecropping is based on the “credit” system.

  43. CORRUPT BARGAIN vs Rutherford B. HayesSamuel Tilden • The election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 are referred to as the Corrupt Bargain. • The Democrats and Republicans work out a deal to recognize Hayes as President • In return, President Hayes must end Reconstruction and pull the Union troops out of the South. • Once this happens, there is no protection for the Freedmen and the South will regain their states and go back to the way it was.

  44. Successes Failures Union is restored. Many white southerners bitter towards US govt & Republicans. South’s economy grows and new wealth is created in the North. The South is slow to industrialize. 14th and 15th amendments guarantee Blacks the rights of citizenship, equal protection under the law, and suffrage. After US troops are withdrawn, southern state governments and terrorist organizations effectively deny Blacks the right to vote. Freedmen’s Bureau and other organizations help many black families obtain housing, jobs, and schooling. Many black and white southerners remain caught in a cycle of poverty. Racist attitudes toward African Americans continue, in both the South and the North. Southern states adopt a system of mandatory education. Successes and Failures of Reconstruction

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