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1. SS8H1.a Paleo The first inhabitants found their way into the area about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. migratory hunters built small, seasonally occurs Used flint projectile point Archaic Seasonal migratory hunters Had a more diversified food supply Used Clovis points Woodland Created permanent to semi permanent village settlements 1000 B.C to AD 900 Grew agriculture as well as hunted Mississippian Continued the tradition of building mounds Used these as religious sites and homes for the chiefs Had a central government headed by a chief

2. SS8H1.b Spain come to North America and destroyed Fort Caroline to stop the competition with France over the wealth in the new world. The Spanish Missions were built to spread Catholicism and integrate Native Americans into a new society ruled by Spanish Colonial government. Gave Spain control over them. These Spanish missions were built on the Barrier Islands throughout the Southeast, as Spain performed most of the early exploration of North America. Spanish missions also used as a trading post for the Native Americans and the Europeans. Mission period ended in 1684 due to declining populations of the Native Americans, due to illness, as well as slave revolts and English raids.

3. SS8H1.b continued… Hernando DeSoto was the first European to see the interior of the American Southeast. He landed on the coast of Florida in 1539. His army consisted of 620 men and 223 horses, and he entered southwestern corner of Georgia in 1540. Hernando came to the coast of Florida looking for gold and riches, and he also came looking for a passage to China. In his attempt to seek a passage to China, he exploited the Native Americans.

4. SS8H1.c Europe was trying to find an easier route to East Asia for spices, but their bad navigation led them to America. They found that there was a great civilization already there with great natural resources and state of life. Europe wanted to build their empire and their economy, and so there explored America. French and British saw that Spain was getting richer and richer and they wanted the same. Specifically the southeastern area for its climate and soil.

6. James Oglethorpe He was a British soldier and a member of British Parliament Oglethorpe became interested in prison reform while he was in parliament He saw that many people went to jail because they were poor know as the “worthy poor” The worthy poor went to jail for no being able to pay taxes they often ended up in debtors prison He believed that their best chance for new life was moving to a new American life He hoped that Georgia would become a land where the worthy poor could thrive He also hoped it would be a place where Protestants could practice their religion

7. Reasons for settlement James and his supporters argued that creating Georgia was both charitable and economic Their motto was “Non sibi aliis” which means “Not for self, but for others” As an act of charity the trustees paid for debtors to go to Georgia instead of prison They also thought moving debtors would aid the economy of England The trustees also argued that Georgia could help protect South Carolina form the Spanish

8. Charter of 1732 On April21,1732, king George signed the charter to establish the colony of Georgia The charter also established a governing board and created the trust to run the colony 71 men served as trustees over the course of its period The charter also said the trustees could not hold office or land in Georgia It did not set up any type of local government The colonists had all of the dame rights as British citizens

9. Tomochichi Native Americans lived in Georgia for thousands of years before the arrival of European settlers When Europeans came to Georgia they needed friendly relation s with the Native Americans in order to establish a successful colony Tomochichi the chief of the Yamacraw Indians played an important role in creating peace between the Europeans and Native Americans in Georgia He helped the many different groups with the British. Tomochichi efforts lead to the creation of a school for his tribe His contributions in the peaceful negotiations between various Tribes and British settlements

10. Mary Musgrove A peace maker Daughter of English trader and a creek Indian She was related to several other creek leaders The Creek Indians called her Coosaponakessa Musgrove used her connections to both the British and Native Americans to help protect Native Americans and maintain peace She was also a trader and worked to expand her deerskin trading business Musgrove claim to have royal heritage

11. City of Savannah Founded in 1733 The last British colonial capital in America James Oglethorpe designed the city Its organization reflected many new European ideas about cities and buildings Great European cities such as Paris, France , were also designed during this time using the same ideas Savannah was built using connected neighborhoods and squares Each neighborhood, square, ward, and garden lot was of equal size They were arranged in repeating patterns, this pattern allowed the distribution of land to new settlers to be fair Commons also surrounded the city which are public lands owned by the city, this allowed the city to expand later off

12. Salzburgers The Salzburgers were a group of Protestants who were expelled form Salzburg in the early 1730’s Salzburg is a city present day in Austria The Salzburgers were expelled because they were no Catholic All Protestants were expelled at that time form the region The Georgia trustees and king George ll sympathized that they decided to support Protestant Salzburgers by extending an invitation for them to move to Georgia They arrived in 1734 and established the town of Ebenezer

13. Highlander Scotts/Malcontents Captain George Dunbar brought the Salzburgers to Georgia He also brought a group of Highland Scots They were members of Clan Chattan in Inverness-shire, Scotland In1736 the Highlanders would also become a group known as the Malcontents Most of the Malcontents were colonists of Scottish descent Although the trustees aided many of Georgia’s settlers they did not aid the Malcontents The Malcontents were wealthy enough to pay for their own voyage to Georgia They were not as loyal to the trustee of Britain They wanted to purchase land and enslaved people with their great wealth, with this they resented limits put in place by trustees that prevented them from doing this

14. Spanish threats from Florida Spanish settlers in Florida were not happy that so many new settlers were coming to neighboring Georgia. The Spanish had been interested in the land that became the Georgia colony, the British built Fort Frederica in Georgia in an effort to protect the colony. Georgian soldiers made an unsuccessful attack on the Spanish mission of St. Augustine in 1740. Two years later the Spanish attacked Fort Frederica, the tension later became a well know fight called the Battle of Bloody Marsh. The Spanish retreated and never again attacked British Florida.

15. Royal Colony Georgia officially became a royal colony when the trustee period ended in 1752. This meant that the Crown of England oversaw the control of Georgia. Parliament had to pass a charter in order for Georgia to become and official royal colony. This process began in 1752, after the parliament dismissed the trustees it took two years for the charter to go through Parliament Georgia did not get its first official governor until 1754

16. Land ownership Settlers who came to the colony by the way of the Trust’s charity, were limited to fifty acre land grants Those who paid their way could have up to 500 acres of land Those paid their way were required to have at least one servant or family member for every fifty acres of their grant This rile helped ensure that enough men were available to defend the colony At that time only me could own land but settlers protested The men wanted their wives and daughters to be able to inherit their land.

17. Slavery During the begging of Trustee period Georgia’ s state law prohibited slavery. However wealthy colonists who could afford to buy enslaved people, demanded to allow to bring them to Georgia In 1750 the trustees who governed Georgia at the time lifted the ban of slavery Between 1750 and 1755 the number of Africans living in slavery increased form 500 to 18,000. These Africans had no rights They were not allowed to marry or live where they wanted, or even learn to read. They had to work and live in the harsh conditions of the Georgia rice fields Rebellion against slave owners was almost impossible Punishment included: beatings, whippings, separation from friends and family, or even death In 1776 at the beginning of the American Revolutionary War Georgia declared its independence form the British crown along with other British colonies

18. The impact of the Royal Governess John Reynolds was Georgia’s first royal governor from 1754 1757. He was ineffective, John Reynolds did not know how to talk to the Native Americans. Henry Ellis governed from 1757 to 1760 he built a solid foundation for Georgia. He had skills that Reynolds did not. He had communication with the Native Americans, he had control, and he built forts and tried to abolish slavery James Wright was very popular and held the governors position for 16 years. He came to Georgia with his experience as attorney general of South Carolina. Wright developed Georgia during the time that wars were going on so he created peace settlements

20. During the Revolutionary War, delegates of the colonies continued meeting as the Second Continental Congress. These men made military decisions for the colonies during the war. The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation created one body called Congress, with authority colonies.

21. The colonies won their independence from Britain, so they needed to set up their government. The federal, or centralized , government needed to be given more power. They wrote the Constitution of the United

22. Articles of confederation Weakness-The people were not taxed so it was hard to get money; they did not give the national government the power to enforce the laws, and there was only one big branch of government. Articles of confederation strengths- made up of representatives from each of the thirteen colonies, had the power to declare war, they could regulate postal services, and control affairs of the Native Americans. Constitution strength- The Constitution helped the colony transit to a state, Powers separated, The Constitution was ratified in 1787, and So Georgia had to rewrite their Constitution.

23. Georgia’s role in the Constitutional Convection Georgia had two representatives at the Constitutional Convention that was their purpose for being there, Abraham Baldwin signed the Constitution and his vote counted for equal representation he also founded the University of Georgia.

24. William Few Jr. - Represented Georgia at the Constitutional Convention and signed the Constitution.

25. The University of Georgia was founded by Abraham Baldwin UGA was the first college to open its doors to lower income people, and its first Class was held Sept 1801.

26. the Baptists leaders wanted to unite all of the different Baptist groups, they then created joined the Southern Baptist Convention.

27. Methodist spreading the Methodist spread their religion by putting up tents; this caused curiosity to the people the people visited and got saved. They also held camp meetings.

28. Land Policy Most dealers had the most issues with regulation, and taxation of land. The Native American leaders gave up most of their land for the British and the colonist.

29. Head right System granted between 200 and 1000 acres of land to families this gave men land and power to obtain them.

30. Yazoo land fraud They created land lotteries to prevent corruption but it actually encouraged it.

31. SS8H5 By: Katlyn Johnson, Megan Muchison, Antonia Green, Daijah Murphy, and Jakarius Wilson

32. Methodist and Camp Meeting Grounds Through the process the religions Methodist and Baptist churches were built and through nights of worship in little tents the religions spread

33. Georgia Baptist Convention There were many different Christian groups in Georgia at this time. It was the largest group of Baptists in the states. The convention brought together different types of Baptists. The did Missionary work or Sunday school.

34. Anglican Church Anglican were another large religion group in the state at this time. The Anglican Church is an extension of the Church of England Anglicans were among the first settlers un the state After the revolution, Anglicans were the biggest religious group in the state, especially in Savannah Even though Georgia was no longer ruled by the British, Anglicans did not want to give up their religion In 1789, they decided to change their name to the Protestant Episcopal Church of the U.S., to mark their break from England This church is known today as the Episcopal Church

35. Education in Georgia Improvements in Georgia`s educational system helped the growth of the states. The schools sat aside plots of land away for schools. Abraham Baldwin wrote the plan for the school. It was named The University of Georgia. Baldwin thought that education was necessary for a free government.

36. Louisville, Georgia Louisville was made in a western part because of the new upcountry settlers outnumbered those in the older coastal counties, so when they moved there they established a new university for those who couldn’t afford a good education alone.

37. How technology helped!! Railroads- made it easier and faster to deliver goods back and forth from place to place. Cotton gin- made processing cotton faster making the land owners need more slaves to pick the cotton. This made slave owners get more slaves and make huge prophets.

38. Davia Williams, Dominique Watts, Mae Arnold, Kia Dumas, Vincent Kwan Boll Weevil and Drought

39. Cotton Cotton has always been an important crop in Georgia. In the 19th and early 20th century, agriculture thrived in Georgia because of cotton. In 1921, the cotton industry was destroyed because of the Boll Weevil.

40. Boll Weevil Boll Weevil is a small beetle that most likely came from Mexico. They go inside of the cotton, lay eggs, and the larvae hatch and feed off of the cotton. Farmers were unable to kill them, because they stay inside of the cotton, and the insecticide couldn’t get to them.

41. Drought Because during the war farmers were encouraged to expand and produce as much as possible, there was a drought. In states such as Oklahoma and Texas soil was overworked, winds were strong, and rainfall was low, so the Dust Bowl resulted.

42. Drought The drought didn’t affect Georgia as much, but the over usage of land led to an exhaustion of the soil, and it would not yield crops.

43. By, Dominique Watts Davia Williams Vince Kwanbunbumpen Kia Dumas Mae Arnold SS8H8

44. Describe the economic factors that resulted into the great depression. SS8H8.b

45. The era preceding the depression is known as the Roaring Twenties. During this time, many people were not postponing purchases, but were buying things on credit instead. As business made large profits, average consumers actually plunged into debt. Consumers were confident in national business, which led to invest in these companies. This consumer support helped the economy to grow quickly. Unfortunately such swift growth is not always a good thing. In this case, it led to a stock market crash

46. People kept investing in the time. They then started to borrow from the bank and then used their own money to invest on it. They then paid their dept back later. On October 29,1929 the value of stocks dropped considerably. This came to be known as Black Tuesday. Later, the people couldn’t pay their debt back so then the banks ran out of money. People who kept their money in the bank then lost all their savings.

47. Discuss the impact of the political career of Eugene Talmadge Talmadge began his career as Commissioner of Agriculture. He later gave up his seat as Commissioner of Agriculture to serve as governor. He promised to run the government economically, balance the state budget, lower utility rates, reduce the price of automobile tags to three dollars, and reorganize the state highway board.

48. Continued He fulfilled his promise to lower auto tags by invoking an executive order When the Public Sewer Commission refused to lower prices- he fired them. Talmadge replaced them with people he appointed who would lower the rates. Highway Board refused to bow to Tallmadge's demands also, so he fired them to Talmadge went so far as to have both their State treasurer and Comptroller General physically removed from office

49. Critics denounced him as a dictator, a demagogue, and a threat to the tranquility of the state. But his supporters considered him a friend of the common man and one of the state's outstanding governors .

50. Cocking Walter Cocking was the Dean of the College of Education at the University of Georgia Talmadge began to attack Cocking in the newspapers for his political beliefs and his background Talmadge replaced people on the Board of Regents with people who shared his views. In July Cocking was relieved of his duties by the Board.

51. Suffering This affair severely hurt the state’s education program. Over the next year, ten excellent professors were fired. Libraries suffered Board of Regents became less powerful; Academics carried a low opinion of Georgia’s Universities

52. Gross Political Interference Study conducted by Southern Association of Colleges and School determined that “gross political interference" had damaged the state’s colleges Accreditation was removed. As a result, Talmadge lost his next race for governor

53. Fourth Term Talmadge was elected governor for a fourth term. His victory was primarily based on his argument against the Supreme Court decision to allow Black People to vote in primary elections Talmadge died before taking office

54. Civilian Conservation Corps This included the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a program designed to tackle the problem of unemployed young men aged between 18 and 25 years old. The CCC camps were set up all over the United States. The organization was based on the armed forces with officers in charge of the men. The men planted trees, built public parks, drained swamps to fight malaria, restocked rivers with fish, worked on flood control projects and a range of other work that helped to conserve the environment.

55. CCC The Civilian Conservation Corps became the most popular of all the New Deal agencies. Prospect caught the public imagination. It also impressed business men. They later showed a preference for hiring a man who had been in the CCC because employers felt that anyone who had been in the CCC would know what a full day's work meant and how to carry out orders in a disciplined way.

56. The AAA (The Agriculture Act) For the first time, Congress declared that is was "the policy of Congress" to balance supply and demand for farm commodities so that prices would support a decent purchasing power for farmers. This concept, outlined in the AAA, was known as "parity." AAA controlled the supply of seven "basic crops" – corn, wheat, cotton, rice, peanuts, tobacco and milk – by offering payments to farmers in return for taking some of their land out of farming, not planting a crop.  

57. The REA In 1935 the Rural Electric Administration (REA) was created to bring electricity to rural areas like the Tennessee Valley. The Roosevelt Administration believed that if private enterprise could not supply electric power to the people, then it was the duty of the government to do so. Most of the court cases involving TVA during the 1930s concerned the government's involvement in the public utilities industry.

58. The SSA ( The Social Security Act It established a system of universal retirement pensions, unemployment insurance, and welfare benefits for poor families and the handicapped. It established the framework for the U.S. welfare system. Roosevelt insisted that it should be funded by payroll taxes rather than from the general fund; he said, "With those taxes in there, no politician can ever scrap my social security program.”

59. United States During the 1930s the United States maintained that Europe’s problem was its own and not the United States. It kept itself politically and militarily apart from the rest of the world. The main reason for this decision is because the United States was still recovering from the Great Depression.

60. President Roosevelt was concerned about the effect that the war could have on America if it continued to grow. In the 1940s he decided that the U.S. would sell weapons to Great Britain and France.

61. Lend-Lease Act As the war grew, the allies found it hard to pay for the weapons that they needed. Roosevelt decided to continue to supply them with weapons without charging. In 1941, Congress passed a Lend-Lease Act. This act gave Roosevelt the right to send weapons to enemy, but could not pay.

62. Pearl Harbor Japan believed that if it could cripple the United States naval fleet, then it could continue to control Southeast Asia. Japan then attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941. This bombing led the U.S. entrance into World War II. The U.S. drooped bombs on two Japanese cities in 1945. The Soviets also declared war on Japan at the same time. These events motivated Japan to end the War, and the allies won.

63. Attack on Pearl Harbor

64. By: Kia Dumas, Davia Williams, Dominique Watts, Vincent Kwan, and Maeetta Arnold WW2

65. Richard B. Russel He worked to bring wartime opportunities to GA. He helped to bring over a lot of military bases to Georgia , including the largest infantry base in the United States. Richard Russel traveled to both Europe and the Pacific region during the war, and became an expert in military strategy. Every major city in Georgia had a military base to bring jobs and resources to the state.

66. Carl Vinson/ Military Bases Mr. Vinson helped to bring the U.S. navy in the years leading up to WWII . Mr. Carl Vinson wrote many bills that expanded the U.S. Navy. The expansion helped the U.S. to ship supplies to Allies during the Lend- Lease Act. Hundreds of the ships were built during this expansion. They were built in the shipyards of Savannah and Brunswick, GA. The importance of these ports was as an economic and military centers today.

67. Bell Aircraft Directly after World War II, the Bell Aircraft was at the forefront of the U.S. military's experimental aircraft work and produced the world's first supersonic aircraft Bell Aircraft was a pioneer in helicopter development in the U.S. and the Model 47 of 1946 was the first helicopter to receive civil certification.  Bell also advanced helicopter technology by introducing a turbine-powered helicopter the "Huey“.

68. The Savannah and Brunswick Shipyards Georgia's largest civilian contribution to the war effort came from the coastal region, where laborers constructed nearly 200 "Liberty ships" to transport troops and goods to the European and Pacific theaters. In early 1942 the Southeastern Shipbuilding Corporation secured a contract to construct 36 Liberty ships at a site on the Savannah River, just east of Savannah. Over the next three years, the company employed more than 15,000 people and built a total of 88 ships.

69. Explain the impact of the Holocaust on Georgians Jewish communities in the U.S. faced increased discrimination. Though the U.S. was not officially engaged in the war, local communities organized support efforts. Atlanta’s Jewish social service agencies raised funds to combat discrimination aboard. their successful fundraising continued throughout the war

70. Ties to Georgia that President Roosevelt had and his impact on the state. By: Davia Williams Kia Dumas Dominique Watts & Vincent Kwanbunbumpen

71. Franklin D. Roosevelt By the time World War II, president Roosevelt had a close relationship with Georgia. He visited warm Spring regularly in hopes of curing his polio. He also spent most of the time campaigning in the state and made many friends there. He was so close to the state, that it led to the building of the Bell Aircraft.

72. Franklin D. Roosevelt With the Bell Aircraft plant there, it produced military planes and created jobs for 28,000 Georgians. Later on, Roosevelt continued to visit Warm Spring throughout the war. He died there in 1945 while he was still president of the United States.

73. SS8H3

74. SS8H3.a The Seven Years’ War was a major European conflict between France and Great Britain. In the North American colonies it was known the French and Indian War because both sides allied themselves with different Native American groups. Britain and its allies won the war; however, peace did not last long.

75. SS8H3.a Many Georgians hesitated to join the revolutionary movement. Georgia had done very well as a royal colony. Many Georgians also worried that they needed the protection of British troops against Native Americans. The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in 1774, but Georgia did not send a rep. Congress asked all the colonies to form a group called the Association. The association banned trade with Great Britain. Georgia elected a representative to the Association. Lyman Hall were one of the representatives.

76. SS8H3.a continued….. At the end of the French and Indian War, France surrendered all of its North American territories east of the Mississippi to Britain. In addition, Spain gave Florida to Britain, but received the Louisiana Territory and New Orleans from France. After the war, Britain needed to deal with the growing Native American grievances against European settlers. The Proclamation of 1763 was a British decree made in favor of Britain’s Native American allies. The proclamation reserved land west of the Appalachian Mountains for Native American tribes.

77. CONTINUED The Stamp Act was an act that taxed all paper products. It set a tax on all legal documents, permits, commercial contacts, newspapers, and etc. After paying a tax, these documents would receive a stamp, specifying that the tax was payed for. The Intolerable Acts were four laws passed by the British. These acts were called “intolerable” because they were meant to punish the colonies. One act closed Boston Harbor as punishment for the Boston Tea Party. The second act cancelled Massachusetts’s royal charter. The third act allowed British officials charged with offenses in the colonies to be tried England.

78. SS8H3.b Loyalists: were the men that were loyal to Britain. Patriots: the men against the British, and were very rebellious Elijah Clarke: one of the patriot leaders in charge of the attack of Battle of Kettle Creek. Austin Dabney: only African American to fight Nancy Hart: she spied on the loyalists, she shot two loyalist also

79. SS8H3.b…………… Button Gwinett, Lyman Hall, George Walton: were all representatives who signed the Declaration of Independence. Siege of Savannah: Britain won savannah back, 1,000 patriots died. Battle of Kettle Creek: The loyalist got tricked, and the patriots attacked them and won.

83. The valley area is known for rich soil in which fruit, grain, and vegetables are grown. This area is also known for it’s textile and carpet manufacturing. The ridge areas are made of sandstone rocks and separate from valleys.

84. The Appalachian Plateau has very poor farming because of sandy soil. Located in the northwest corner of the state, it is wooded with thin valleys. It is made up of flat topped mountains. At the bottom of both of the mountains are cliffs that are 200 and 300 feet high.

85. Central area of Georgia. It is where almost half of the people live. Major cities located here are Atlanta, Athens, Augusta, Columbus, and Macon. There are a lot of businesses located here. The land here is rolling hills sloping toward the south. Its southern boundary, the fall line meets with the Coastal Plain.

86. The southern area of Georgia is the Coastal Plain which makes up almost half of the state. It lies along the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. It contains two different coastal areas: the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the East Gulf Coastal Plain. Both of the Coastal Plain areas are good farming areas.

87. There is a boundary about twenty miles wide that separates Georgia’s piedmont region from the Coastal Plain region. This boundary is called the Fall Line because of the amount of waterfalls along this line. The geography and soil is very different from one side of the line to the other.

88. home to more than 400 species of animals, the Okefenokee Swamp is the largest swamp in North America. Almost 700 miles of the southeast corner of Georgia are covered by the swamp, which the Seminole Indians called “land of the trembling Earth.” in 1937, President Franklin Roosevelt created the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge.

89. The southernmost part of the Appalachian Mountain chain is the Blue Ridge Mountain chain. Nearly 100 miles of mountains extend into Georgia. The highest peak in Georgia is Brasstown Bald, which is in Towns County. In is 4,786 feet above sea level. These mountains are the highest and wettest places. The rain in this area brings most of the state’s drinking water. The beautiful views bring tourists into the area.

90. High in the Blue Ridge Mountains is the Chattahoochee River which flows southwest toward Alabama and into the Gulf of Mexico. The Chattahoochee goes through the fall line, over many waterfalls and rock formations. The waterfalls keep traffic from going up too high on the river. It is now used to create hydroelectric power through dams. It is important to Georgians for both drinking water and recreational purposes.

91. The Savannah River is the natural boundary between Georgia and South Carolina. The river begins at Lake Hartwell and flows southwest toward Savannah. It finally empties into the Atlantic Ocean, just south of the city of Savannah. The river is important to life in Georgia. Hydroelectric dams give power to the area. The river is also a source of drinking water for Augusta, Savannah, and smaller towns nearby. South Carolina towns around the area also gets drinking water from the river. Pollution has been a problem lately, but steps are being taken to prevent it.

92. The barrier islands off of Georgia’s coast help out the Georgia civilization a lot. The islands protect the mainland from the extremities of storms and waves. The islands are also important tourist attractions that bring in a considerable amount of income to Georgia.

93. The climate in Georgia provides warm temperatures that are necessary for the type of farming or agriculture activities. Businesses also migrate down here for less heating expenses. It is cheaper to cool than to heat a building.