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Sergey Kakareka, Tamara Kukharchyk Institute for Problems of Natural Resources Use & Ecology

Main features of HCB and PCB chapters to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook Report on national contribution “in-kind” of the Republic of Belarus into EMEP for 2004. Sergey Kakareka, Tamara Kukharchyk Institute for Problems of Natural Resources Use & Ecology

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Sergey Kakareka, Tamara Kukharchyk Institute for Problems of Natural Resources Use & Ecology

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  1. Main features of HCB and PCB chapters to the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory GuidebookReport on national contribution “in-kind” of the Republic of Belarus into EMEP for 2004 Sergey Kakareka, Tamara Kukharchyk Institute for Problems of Natural Resources Use & Ecology Minsk, Belarus 6th JOINT UNECE Task Force & EIONET Meeting on Emission Inventories and Projections 19-21October 2005, Rovaniemi, Finland

  2. Further research for HCB and PCB emission inventory improvement in the NIS countries (on an example of Belarus) Project title: • Goal: • Further improvement of the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook chapters regarding to HCB and PCB emission Work-plan for 2004 was approved by the Task Force on Emission Inventory and Projections & EIONET Meeting (6-8 September 2003, Warsaw,Poland).

  3. Now in the Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook there is a lack of data necessary for successful inventory of PCBs and HCB listed in POPs protocol. As a result of project 2 chapters devoted to emission of these pollutants: Sources of HCB Emission and Sources of PCB Emission were prepared. They include data on emission of HCB and PCB from other Guidebook chapters (except Electrical Equipment chapter) in line with own experimental data and literature data on emission of HCB and PCB and other material necessary for inventory of these specific pollutants. Outline of these chapters are given below.

  4. SOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE: SOURCES OF HEXACHLOROBENZENE EMISSION Structure of the HCB Chapter 1.GENERAL   Definitions Properties 2. SOURCES OF HCB 3. CONTRIBUTION TO EMISSION 4. ABATEMENT 5. METHODOLOGY 6. ACTIVITY STATISTICS 7. POINT SOURCE CRITERIA 8. EMISSION FACTORS 9. SPECIES PROFILES

  5. SOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE: SOURCES OF HEXACHLOROBENZENE EMISSION 10 . UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATES 11. WEAKEST ASPECTS IN CURRENT METHODOLOGY 12. SPATIAL DISAGGREGATION CRITERIA FOR AREA SOURCES 13.TEMPORAL DISAGGREGATION CRITERIA 14. ADDITIONAL COMMENTS 15. SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENTS 16. VERIFICATION PROCESSES 17. REFERENCES 18. BIBLIOGRAPHY 19. RELEASE VERSION, DATE AND SOURCE

  6. 2. Sources of HCB emission 1.2. Properties • The main source of HCB emission is agriculture if HCB is used in this sector. • Hexachlorobenzene is currently emitted as by-product or impurity in the manufacture of several chlorinated solvents (tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride); other chlorinated compounds (vinyl chloride); and several pesticides, including pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), tetrachloro­isophthalonitrile (chlorothalonil), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), pentachloro­phenol (PCP), and dimethyltetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA or Dacthal); and was also produced as by-product for production of atrazine, propazine, simazine, and mirex… • Hexachlorobenzene is a white crystalline substance with molecular mass 284.7840, with specific off-flavour, melting point 231оС, boiling point – 326оС. It is very soluble in many organic solvents and practically non-soluble in water. • Hexachlorobenzene is a very persistent environmental chemical due to its chemical stability and resistance to biodegradation. HCB life-time in the atmosphere is defined by the rate of interaction with hydroxyl-radical and it is equal 2.7–6 years depending on the geographical latitude. Such long life-time in atmosphere allows transboundary transmission of HCB. In water HCB binds to sediments and suspended matter.

  7. 4. Abatement 3.Contribution to emission Taking into consideration heterogenity of HCB pathways (direct application, in-stack emission etc.) prevention of HCB emissions into the environment can be made using strategies. They include: • a) safe application of HCB (especialy as pesticide) and HCB-polluted products; • b) safe disposal of HCB wastes (including old pesticides storage and disposal); • c) complete distruction of HCB wastes (vast list of technological measures aimed at high level of destruction of HCB); • d) HCB emission control from thermal processes. Due to comparatively low levels in emissions from the most of processes special measures for HCB control are usually not proposed. HCB emissions can be controlled generally like other chlorinated organic compounds.. In Europe (1990-1995): • agriculture - 72-100% • production of chlorinated products and electric steelmaking –10-13% • waste treatment and disposal - less than 1% (Berdowski et al., 1997; Pacyna et al, 1999) In the USA (for 1996): • production of industrial inorganic chemicals (silicone products) - 48% • application of surface coatings to both the inside and outside of metal cans - 21% • pesticide production - 11 % • processes of chlorine production - 7 % • various processes of organic chemistry and HCl production - 3 % (Draft PBT National…, 2000).

  8. 6. Activity statistics A simpler methodology of emission estimation is based on the calculation using aggregated emission factors and production statistics by the formula: Hexachlorobenzene emission = emission factor x output production (fuel or waste combusted, pesticides applied). A more reliable methodology is based on emission factors for specific processes, taking into account data on the type and efficiency of control equipment, and the content of HCB in materials, fuels and wastes. However these traditional methodologies can be applied mainly for in-stack HCB emission and pesticides application. Data on the HCB usage as pesticide, industrial production and fuel combustion where HCB is emitted as by-product is available from national statistical reports. Data on scrap reclamation, wastes incineration and disposal, use of products potentially polluted with HCB (solvents) can be obtained from industry associations or enterprises.. However, in most cases, no data are available from the statistics on the level of products pollution with HCB and on HCB-contaminated reservoirs. In such cases special studies are necessary or some expert estimates to be made. The application of the detailed estimation methodology may be complicated unless the statistical data are available directly from a given source of emission… 5. Methodology

  9. Default HCB emission factors table 8. Emission factors

  10. Default HCB emission factors – cont.

  11. Default HCB emission factors – cont.

  12. SOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE: SOURCES OF POYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS EMISSION Structure of the PCB Chapter 1.GENERAL   Definitions Properties 2. SOURCES OF PCB 3.CONTRIBUTION TO EMISSION 4. ABATEMENT 5. METHODOLOGY 6. ACTIVITY STATISTICS 7. POINT SOURCE CRITERIA 8. EMISSION FACTORS 9. SPECIES PROFILES

  13. SOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE: SOURCES OF POYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS EMISSION 10 . UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATES 11.WEAKEST ASPECTS IN CURRENT METHODOLOGY 12.SPATIAL DISAGGREGATION CRITERIA FOR AREA SOURCES 13.TEMPORAL DISAGGREGATION CRITERIA 14.ADDITIONAL COMMENTS 15.SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENTS 16.VERIFICATION PROCESSES 17. REFERENCES 18. BIBLIOGRAPHY 19.RELEASE VERSION, DATE AND SOURCE

  14. 3. Contribution to emission 2.Sources of PCBs Electrical equipment is one of the most important consumer of PCBs and, respectively, a source of secondary environment pollution by PCBs. If the electrical equipments do not taken into account, the main contribution in PCB emission had waste incineration: municipal waste combustion, hazardous waste incineration, and medical waste incineration contribute over 95% of national PCB emissions (estimates for 1990 in the USA). • production of PCB and products (equipment) containing PCBs; • use of products containing PCBs; • utilization of PCB and materials containing PCBs; • emission from reservoirs polluted by PCBs.

  15. 5. Methodology 4. Abatement A simpler methodology is based on application of aggregated emission factors and production statistics. PCB emissions are calculated by the formula: PCBs emission = emission factor x production output (fuel or wastes combusted). However traditional methodologies can be applied mainly for in-stack PCBs emission, i.e. for thermal processes. For other sources, including open and closed applications, reservoirs simple emission factors can be proposed, but they are very uncertain and in most cases demand statistical data which is not available. Prevention of PCBs discharges into the environment can be fulfilled with the help of different strategies: a) safe application of PCBs; b) safe disposal of PCBs; c) complete distruction of PCBs (vast list of technological measures mostly aimed at high level of destruction and removal of PCBs from PCB wastes); d) PCBs emission control from thermal processes. PCBs emissions can be controlled generally like other chlorinated compounds in emissions.

  16. 6. Activity statistics Data on the industrial production and fuel combustion, which are minor sources of PCBs is available from national statistical reports. Data on scrap reclamation, wastes incineration, use of PCBs for some open applications (paints, dyers etc.) and some other sources can be obtained from industry associations and enterprises.. However, in most cases, no data are available from the statistics on such major sources as electrical equipment with PCBs, PCBs landfilling. In these cases special studies or some expert estimates are necessary. . 10. Uncertainty estimates Generally PCBs emission calculations have great uncertainty due to complexity of PCB emissions, their low levels, and the lack of empirical data from relevant studies. On the whole, the precision and accuracy of emission calculation depends mainly on the quality of emission factors. If aggregated or default emission factors are used, their uncertainties are expected to be high. But for PCBs lack of statistical data for some source categories also results in high level of uncertainty.

  17. 8. Emission factors Default PCB emission factors table

  18. Default PCB emission factors – cont.

  19. Ways forward in Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook development for POPs emission inventory improvement There is a need in preparation of: 1. Guidelines for PCBs inventory Should include description of procedures of the inventory of PCBs produced, imported, in use, at storage and disposal etc. These dataon PCBs are necessary for PCBs emission inventory. 2. Guidelines for assessment of PCBs emission from electrical equipment This type of equipment is the main source of environmental pollution by PCBs. Update of existing Electrical Equipment chapter is necessary with new material on the issue.

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