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Unit I

Unit I. Classical Civilizations. BCE (BC) :. Before Common Era. CE (AD) :. Common Era. Region :. A large area that shares similar characteristics. Archaeology:. The study of past cultures through the analysis of physical artifacts. Geography:.

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Unit I

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  1. Unit I • Classical Civilizations Izydorczak

  2. BCE (BC) : Before Common Era Izydorczak

  3. CE (AD) : Common Era Izydorczak

  4. Region : A large area that shares similar characteristics Izydorczak

  5. Archaeology: The study of past cultures through the analysis of physical artifacts. Izydorczak

  6. Geography: The study of the earth, its resources, and its physical features Izydorczak

  7. A scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth’s physical environment and human habitat Geographer: Izydorczak

  8. Unit I • Paleolithic Period Izydorczak

  9. Nomad: A person who belongs to a group of people who move from place to place seasonally in search of food and water. Izydorczak

  10. Hunter-gatherer: System of food production for prehistoric peoples; Involves hunting animals and gathering foods grown in the wild. Izydorczak

  11. Paleolithic: old stone age, beginning about 750,00 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years BC characterized by Izydorczak

  12. Prehistoric: Time before the invention of writing. Izydorczak

  13. Unit I • Neolithic Period Izydorczak

  14. Neolithic Period: new stone age of 10,000 BCE characterized by the domestication of animals and farming settlements Izydorczak

  15. Neolithic Revolution: (10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization. Izydorczak

  16. Slash-burn Farming • farming method where people clear fields by cutting & burning trees/grasses and the ashes are used as fertilizer for the soil. Izydorczak

  17. Domestication: taming of animals for human use Izydorczak

  18. Culture: A peoples a unique way of life as shown by its tools, customs, arts, and ideas. Izydorczak

  19. Cultural diffusion: The spreading of ideas through contact such as trade or war. Izydorczak

  20. Traditional Economy: An economy based on agriculture, with others in society working in simple crafts, such as the manufacturing of cloth or pottery. Izydorczak

  21. River Valley: A valley that is carved out by the river. Often have fertile land, and are the sites for the earliest civilizations [Huang Ho (Yellow), Indus, Tigris/Euphrates, Nile] Izydorczak

  22. Loess: alluvial soil/ fertile deposit of wind blown soil Izydorczak

  23. Silt: Very fine grains of dirt deposited by a moving body of water. Izydorczak

  24. Social Stratification / social class: A group of people within a society who share the same social, political, and economic status. Izydorczak

  25. Infrastructure: the trans. & comm. Systems of a society including builds, roads, bridges, etc… Izydorczak

  26. Fertile Crescent: crescent moon shaped rich soil region of Mesopotamia located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; modern day Iraq Izydorczak

  27. Mesopotamia: land between two rivers, present day Iraq. Izydorczak

  28. City-State: a city and its surrounding land that functions as an independent political entity. Izydorczak

  29. Cuneiform: early system of writing with wedge shapes pressed into clay used by the ancient Sumerians. Izydorczak

  30. Hieroglyphics: A system of writing which uses pictures for concepts and ideas. Izydorczak

  31. Dynasty: A succession of rulers of a country from the same family. Izydorczak

  32. Polytheistic: belief in many gods Greek Gods Izydorczak

  33. Ziggurat: Sumerian tiered pyramid used as a temple Izydorczak

  34. Hammurabi: Babylonian King who is known for uniting his kingdom with one written code of law (Code of Hammurabi- eye for an eye). Izydorczak

  35. Subcontinent: large land mass that forms a distinct part of a continent. i.e. South Asian/Indian Izydorczak

  36. Monsoons: strong seasonal winds (summer and winter) that bring the rains [rainy season]. Izydorczak

  37. Ancestor Worship: Prayers given to deceased relatives who are believed to be closer to the gods & therefore able to grant favors. Izydorczak

  38. Oracle bones: In ancient China, they were pieces of bone or turtle shell used by Shang priests to tell the future. They would write a question addressed to either one of the gods, or an ancestor on the bone, then heat it until it cracked. They believed that by studying the pattern of cracks, one could learn the answer to the question. Oracle bones are the oldest example of Chinese writing. Izydorczak

  39. Mandate of Heaven: the divine right to rule with the possibility of losing that right due to poor conditions, part of the dynastic cycle of Chinese history. Izydorczak

  40. Dynastic cycle: In China, a dynasty would remain in power only as long as it was providing good government. When a dynasty went into decline, and began to abuse its power, it was said to lose the Mandate of Heaven, or the favor of the gods. A strong leader would usually emerge to claim the Mandate, and establish a new dynasty. The dynastic cycle would then begin again. Izydorczak

  41. Varna: the four major groups Aryan society divided itself into based on occupation; Eventually, these groupings will become known as CASTES as the Hindu culture & religion developed in South Asia. Izydorczak

  42. Social Mobility: the ability to move up and down within a class system. Izydorczak

  43. Caste System: social system originated by the Aryans who settled in India; four castes: priests, warriors, peasants & non Aryan laborers Izydorczak

  44. Hinduism: polytheistic religion born in South Asian. Belief in karma and reincarnation are key. Izydorczak

  45. Vedas: collection of sacred writings of the Aryans from when they first settled along the Indus River Izydorczak

  46. I+A+M+G+M: Hindu culture & Hindu Religion (slow process). Izydorczak

  47. Reincarnation (samsara): belief that the soul (atman) is reborn again and again until reaching perfection (moksha); belief of Hinduism and Buddhism. Izydorczak

  48. Atman: In Hinduism…the (soul) or life-force which is reincarnated at death. Izydorczak

  49. Karma: Actions in this life resulting from the consequences of a previous life’s actions; Associated with Hinduism and Buddhism. Izydorczak

  50. Dharma: The act of fulfilling one's duty in life; Associated with Hinduism and Buddhism. Izydorczak

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