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Media Accountability in Northern Europe and the Anglo-American World

Session 11. Media Accountability in Northern Europe and the Anglo-American World By Heikki Heikkilä, David Domingo & Jari Väliverronen. Photo: imago/ecomedia/robert fishman.

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Media Accountability in Northern Europe and the Anglo-American World

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  1. Session 11 Media Accountability in Northern Europe and the Anglo-American World By Heikki Heikkilä, David Domingo & Jari Väliverronen Photo: imago/ecomedia/robert fishman

  2. Media Systems in Northern Europe and the Anglo-American WorldHallin & Mancini (2004)A division of media systems based on their distinct historical features Democratic Corporatist Model Northern Europe Finland Sweden Norway Denmark Germany The NetherlandsBelgium Switzerland UK Austria Liberal Model Anglo-American World United Kingdom Ireland USACanada Session 11 – Media Systems

  3. Democratic Corporatist Model: Specific Features Faded political parallelism Public service ethos Mass circulation of newspapers Duopoly in broadcasting Relationship to politics Media market Unionization, emphasis on self-regulation Press subsidies (gradually removed) Ideas of professionalism Role of the state in the media Adapted from Hallin & Mancini (2004) Session 11 – Media Systems

  4. Liberal Model: Specific Features in the United Kingdom Quality vs. popular press Duopoly in broadcasting Commercial and unpolitical press Critical distance Relationship to politics Media market Wary of regulation and interventions Unionization, self-regulation Role of the state in the media Ideas of professionalism Adapted from Hallin & Mancini (2004) Session 11 – Media Systems

  5. Liberal Model: Specific Features in the United States Regional actors dominate Commercial broadcasting Commercial and unpolitical press Political polarization (recently) Relationship to politics Media market Objectivity, individual integrity Strictly non-interventionist Ideas of professionalism Role of the state in the media Adapted from Hallin & Mancini (2004) Session 11 – Media Systems

  6. Public Trust in the Press andGovernment: One way of measuring citizens‘ attitudes towards media accountability General Trends Democratic Corporatist Model: High public trust in the press (+ other institutions) Liberal model: More suspicion about all institutions Sources: Eurobarometer 72 (2010) [trust in government], Eurobarometer 74 (2011) [trust in press]; figures for the USA: Gallup (2009) Session 11 – Media Systems

  7. Accountability to the state (1) Accountability to the market (2) Professional accountability (3) Public accountability (4) Layers of Media Accountability: An Analytical Model (Bardoel and d’Haenens 2004) Developed by Heikkilä, Domingo, Pies, Głowacki, Kuś and Baisnée (2012, 6) Who are the media generally speaking accountable to? Session 11 – Media Systems

  8. The Varying Roles of the State www.persinnovatie.nl/ www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/ LevesonInquiry(UK): Independent inquiryand policy initiative commissioned by the state EXCEPTIONAL Press Stimulation Fund (The Netherlands): Independent governing body to fund R&D in media organizations COMPATIBLE WITH THE FACILITATIVE ROLE OF THE STATE IN NORTHERN EUROPE Session 11 – Media Systems

  9. Journalists’ Attitudes towards the State • Journalists are generally supportive of the facilitative role of the state • UK results influenced by the Leveson Inquiry Source: MediaAcT survey conducted in 2011–2012 Included twelve countries in Europe and two Arab countries (N=1,762) Session 11 – Media Systems

  10. Media output 3a 3b Over professional excellence Over market position 1 2b 2a Media competition Dynamics of the Media Market and Its Implications Incentives for ImplementingMedia Accountability + Market push towards reforms and innovations + Transparency as a potential niche strategy (USA) Restraints for Implementing Media Accountability – Short-term profits principle guides decisions – Rationalization of resources undermine R&D Source: Heikkilä et al. (2012: 37) Session 11 – Media Systems

  11. Journalists’ Attitudes towards the Market Business imperatives are viewed very similarly across countries and models Source: MediaAcT survey conducted in 2011–2012 (N=1,762) Session 11 – Media Systems

  12. Professional Accountability (Self-Regulation) Approximately 300 codes of ethics drafted around the world Approximately 60 press councils exist around the world Press councils of Democratic Corporatist countries are often regarded as benchmarks – Presserat in Germany– RvD in the Netherlands– JSN in Finland www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp www.presserat.info Session 11 – Media Systems

  13. Journalists’ Attitudes towards Self-Regulation – Survey results highlight the role of national traditions (see also next slide) Source: MediaAcT survey conducted in 2011–2012 (N=1,762) Source: MediaAcT survey conducted in 2011–2012 (N=1,762) Session 11 – Media Systems

  14. Journalists’ Attitudes towards Self-Regulation – In-house guidelines as alternative for the formally approved ethical code– The strong role of legal departments in UK relates to the Leveson Inquiry Source: MediaAcT survey conducted in 2011–2012 (N=1,762) July 2013 Session 11 – Professional Accountability Session 11 – Media Systems 14

  15. Tendency: Self-Regulation in Self-Doubt Council for Mass Media (JSN) in Finland Struggling to maintain adequate funding Aims to increase (again) the audience representation in the council Press Complaints Commision in the UK Criticized of inaction and lack of authority by journalists, politicians and grassroot organizations, such as Hacked Off Session 11 – Media Systems

  16. Many Means for Public Accountability Session 11 – Media Systems

  17. Many Means for Public AccountabilityTraditional (offline) accountability practices are usually preferred by journalistsThe impact of social media is growing Source: MediaAcT survey conducted in 2011–2012 (N=1,762) July 2013 Session 11 – Media Systems 17

  18. Journalists’ Attitudes towards Audience FeedbackRelation to audience feedback is problematic in most countries: audiences are seen as recipients while journalists consider themselves as producers Source: MediaAcT survey conducted in 2011–2012 (N=1,762) Session 11 – Media Systems

  19. Convergence or Divergence of Cultures? Media accountability practices have developed in tandem with media systems Changes depend on transitions in economy, politics, technologies and lifestyles Globalization Public Trust S t a t e Self-Regulation ”Marketization” ”Internetization” Media systems are internally diverging rather than coalescing togetherThe models of Hallin & Mancini are to a great extent outdated (but still useful references) Session 11 – Media Systems

  20. High level of competition FIN NED GER USA Small market Big market Low level of competition Media Markets Matter See Mazzoleni/ Splendore 2013: 167-182 UK LESS VOLATILITY MORE VOLATILITY AUT SUI EST Size of the market and competition (See Slide 10) play a crucial part in the formation of media accountability practices Session 11 – Media Systems

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