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Forage Macro-Minerals (Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Cl, S) and Dairy Cow Requirements

Forage Macro-Minerals (Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Cl, S) and Dairy Cow Requirements. Jim Linn, PhD Professor Emeritus – University of Minnesota Milk Specialties Global Waconia Farm Supply. Importance of Minerals. Animal Health Production/Reproduction Ration cost. Close-Up Dry Cow

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Forage Macro-Minerals (Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Cl, S) and Dairy Cow Requirements

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  1. Forage Macro-Minerals (Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Cl, S)and Dairy Cow Requirements Jim Linn, PhD Professor Emeritus – University of Minnesota Milk Specialties Global Waconia Farm Supply

  2. Importance of Minerals Animal Health Production/Reproduction Ration cost Close-Up Dry Cow 18 – 22% of total $/cow/day 0.75 - 1.00 Lactating Cow 8 to 10% of total $/cow/day 0.75 - 1.00

  3. Nutrient Composition (% DM) of Dairy Rations

  4. Forage Minerals Forage minerals Contribute to animal requirement Variability – species, maturity, soils, fertilization Animal – Plant Imbalances

  5. Forage Mineral Analysis NIRS or Wet Chemistry? • NIRS doesn’t measure minerals only C,N,O bonds • Are the minerals reported on NIRS forage tests accurate? • At the end of the day, when nutritionists have several rations to formulate, can NIRS predicted forage minerals be used?

  6. NIR Prediction of Minerals SEC – Std Error Calibration – lower better (±1 SEC – 67% of values) RSQ – R2 1 = perfect prediction SECV – Prediction validation – lower the better NIR mineral validity depends on good reference wet chemistry methods and equation(s) development Source – Dairyland Labs, Arcadia WI

  7. NIRS Analysis – Forage Minerals Macro Minerals – • Lactation rations • Acceptable estimator • Ca, P, K, Mg and S • Rationale • Most rations over formulated and supplemented • Small range in P, Mg and S within species • Salt meets Na and Cl req’t • Dry cow • NIRS not recommended for mineral analysis • Forages are large proportion of diet • Accuracy needed for DCAD and requirements Trace minerals – NIRS not recommended

  8. Forage Macro MineralsSGS Forage Summary - 2012

  9. Minerals in Rations of Lactating Dairy Cows

  10. Feed DM (lb) – 85 lb Milk 52 lb DM 17% CP 1.18 Mcal ME/lb 32% NDF 25.5% Starch 61 % Forage DM Lb Feed DM

  11. Macro Minerals for Lactating CowsRequirements vs. Ration Formulation 1 Weiss – Hoards Dairyman Feb 10, 2013 a Sodium Buffers b Higher forage concentrations - legume

  12. Calcium Contribution From FeedsLactating cow diet – 0.90% Ca lb or %

  13. Phosphorus Contribution From FeedsLactating cow diet – 0.40% P % P contribution lb Feed DM lb or%

  14. Magnesium Contribution From FeedsLactating cow diet – 0.35% Mg % Mg contribution lb Feed DM lb or%

  15. Potassium Mineral required in the highest amounts in lactating dairy cows K balance studies indicate 1.6% K needed in early lactation for positive balance Heat stress increases requirement Forage K >85% available

  16. Potassium Contribution From FeedsLactating cow diet – 1.5% K % K contribution lb or%

  17. Sulfur Contribution From FeedsLactating cow diet – 0.28% S % S contribution lb or%

  18. Sodium and ChlorideContribution From FeedsLactating cow diet – 0.5% Salt Ration – 0.5% Na and 0.62% Cl lb or%

  19. Minerals in Rations of Close-up Dry Dairy Cows

  20. Close-up Dry Cow Diet28 lb DM/day lb/cow/day • Grass hay 8.3 • Corn silage 13.7 • Corn 0.8 • Protein 3.8 • Macro minerals 1.04 • TM/Additives 0.64

  21. Close-up Dry Cow Diet% Macro Mineral from Forage % 77% Forage diet – 13.7 lb Corn sil + 8.3 lb Grass Hay DM

  22. Minerals from Forages in Dry Cow Diets • Forages can supply 20 to 70% a mineral • Accuracy on mineral concentration in forages more important – less error tolerance • Cation – Anion balance • Metabolic problems – greater risk with mineral imbalance • Wet chemistry analysis recommended for minerals in dry cow forages

  23. DCAD, mEq/100g = [(%Na  43.5 + %K  25.6)  (%Cl  28.2 + %S  62.5)]

  24. DCAD, mEq/100g = [(%Na  43.5 + %K  25.6)  (%Cl  28.2 + %S  62.5)] LACTATING COWS CLOSE-UP DRY COWS

  25. Macro Minerals in Forage Summary • Forages are an important source of most macro minerals in lactating and dry cow rations. • Ration formulation needs to consider • Requirements • Sources • Amounts fed – excess as well as deficiencies • Interactions amongst minerals fed in excess

  26. Macro Minerals in Forage Summary • NIRS acceptable estimator of Ca, P, K, Mg and S in lactating rations. • Formulations usually exceed minimum requirements • Forages are a greater proportion of dry cow ration and mineral formulation requires accuracy – Wet Chemistry mineral analysis recommended. • Precision feeding lactation and/or dry cow diets require wet chemistry analysis of minerals.

  27. THANK YOU!

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