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Cellular Structure Review #2: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic, Organelles, and Membrane Structure

This review covers the cellular structure, including the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, the presence of membrane-bound organelles, and the structure of the cell membrane. It also discusses various organelles and their functions, as well as the importance of membrane proteins.

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Cellular Structure Review #2: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic, Organelles, and Membrane Structure

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  1. Review #2 - Cellular Structure

  2. Review #2 - Cellular Structure • Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic • Membrane bound organelles • Size • Plant vs. Animal • Shape – cell wall • Plastids • chloroplasts • centrioles

  3. Review #2 - Cellular Structure • Eukaryotic • Nucleus • Genetic material • Nucleolus • Ribosome production • Nuclear envelope • porous

  4. Review #2 - Cellular Structure • Cytoplasm – cell’s “interstitial” fluid • Endomembrane system • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum • Lipid production, detoxification, carb metabolism (glycolysis) • Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Protein production, membrane production • Golgi apparatus • Protein export (cis/trans) • Specialized membranes – sarcoplasmic reticulum • Calcium storage in muscle

  5. Review #2 - Cellular Structure • Cytoplasm – cells “interstitial” fluid • Cytoskeleton • Microtubules • Tubulin, dynein – movement of organelles, structure, cilia, flagella • Micro filaments • Actin – cellular movement, streaming, cytokinesis • Intermediate filaments • Keratin – structure (cell shape)/strength

  6. Review #2 - Cellular Structure • Cytoplasm – cells “interstitial” fluid • Other Organelles • Ribosome • Free…. • Bound …. • Lysozome – Tay Sacchs • Contains…. • Mitochondria (most in.. ) • Chloroplast (most in .. ) • Vacuole • Central vacuole in… • Contractile vacuole in …

  7. Review #2 - Cellular Structure • Membrane Structure • Orientation of phospholipids – fluid mosaic model • Membrane proteins – function/AA composition • Peripheral - functions • Integral (Integrins) - functions • Glycoproteins - oligosaccharide/proteins • MHC function to… • Junctions • Gap junctions • Desmosomes • Tight junctions • Plasmodesmata

  8. Review #2 - Cellular Structure • Membrane Function • Selective permeability • Osmosis • Solute, pressure, water potential • Simple Diffusion • Facilitated Diffusion – gated channels • Cotransport • Proton Pump • Sodium potassium pump

  9. Review #2 - Cellular Structure • Cell Communication • Signal reception • Receptor molecule • Signal Transduction • G Protein – peptide hormones, cAMP • Ligand gated ion channels (synapse) • Intracellular Receptors (steroids) • Response • Phosphorylation cascade (kinase) • Greening response (plants) • Transcription factors

  10. Review #2 - Endosymbiotic Theory Evidence for Membrane similarities Contain genetic material similar metabolic pathways General structure/size

  11. Review #2 - How does a neuron work?? • Function – conduction of electrical impulse • ACTION POTENTIAL • Required organelles • For energy : • Membrane:

  12. Review #2 - Neuron – at Rest • Resting potential • Maintained by Sodium Potassium Pump (constant) • Predict conditions of neuron at rest

  13. Review #2 - Neuron – Activated • Action Potential • Triggered by change in voltage • Voltage regulated gates open • Predict what happens

  14. Review #2 - Neuron – The Synapse • Neuron to neuron communication • Chemicals required? • Role of Membrane proteins? • Drugs – cocaine, botox

  15. Cellular Metabolism - Respiration

  16. Cellular Metabolism - Respiration • Random, electrically stimulating Info; • Oxidationreduction reactions • Oxidation loose electrons • Reduction  gain electrons • If hard to recognize  follow the H atom (reduction) NAD+  NADH • Realize  electrons moving to more electrongative atom releases energy… • Substrate Level Phosphorylation • Oxidative Phosphorylation

  17. Cellular Metabolism - Respiration • Catabolic pathways – exergonic,hydrolysis • Anabolic pathways – endergonic, condensation • Respiration – catabolic • Aerobic – most eukaryotes, some prokaryotes • Krebs cycle • Electron transport chain • Anaerobic – most prokaryotes, some eukaryotes • Glycolysis • Fermentation • Alcoholic • Lactic acid

  18. Cellular Metabolism – respiration • Glycolysis – Splitting of glucose • Reactants • Products • Location • Significance • Who can do it???

  19. Cellular Metabolism – respiration • Krebs Cycle • Reactants • Products • Location • Significance • Who CAN do it??

  20. Cellular Metabolism – respiration • Electron Transport Chain • Reactants • Products • Location Significance • Proton motive force • Chemiosmosis • Who can DO it???

  21. Cellular Metabolism – respiration • Fermentation • Reactants • Products • Location • Significance • Who can do IT??

  22. Cellular Metabolism – respiration • ADP-ATP Cycle

  23. Cellular Metabolism – respiration • Regulation of Metabolic Rate • Phosphofructokinase (PPK) • ATP, Citrate inhibit • AMP stimulates • Insulin • Uptake of blood glucose by liver/muscles • Fatty acid production (adipose cells) • Glucagon • Liberation of glycogen  glucose from liver/muscle • Increased beta oxidation

  24. Life is good, biology is great

  25. Cellular Metabolism – respiration • Beta Oxidation • Realize…TONS of ATP • Ex; 18 carbon chain • Every two carbons = 1NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP, 1AcetylcoA • 1AcetylcoA=3NADH,1FADH2, 1ATP • 1NADH=3ATP • 1FADH2=2ATP • Yikes!, its tough to “burn” off fat!

  26. Cellular Metabolism – Photosynthetic Pigments • Electromagnetic Radiation • Wavelength vs energy • Absorbance Spectrum • Chlorophyll a • Accessory Pigments • Antenna Complex

  27. Cellular Metabolism – Photosynthetic Pigments • Chromatography • Mobile Phase • Stationary Phase • Rf Value • Solubility

  28. Cellular Metabolism – photosynthesis • Light Reactions • Reactants • Products • Location • Significance • Cyclic/noncyclic • Photooxidation • photophosphorylation

  29. Cellular Metabolism – photosynthesis • Dark Reactions • Reactants • Products • Location • significance

  30. Cellular Metabolism – photosynthesis • Problems and adaptations • Photorespiration • conditions • CAM plants – temporal adaptation • Crassulatian acid • Night vs. day • C4 plants – spatial adaptation • Oxaloacetate • Bundle sheath vs. mesophyll cells

  31. Cellular Respiration – Photosynthesis-Transpiration compromise • Why Transpire? • Conditions • Mechanisms involved • Stomata • Guard cells • Abscisic acid • Cation Exchange • Bulk Flow • Transpiration/photosynthesis ratio • When/where high or low??

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