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2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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4. Properties of Nonmetals Nonmetallic Elements Hydrogen Boron Carbon ] Silicates Nonmetallic Elements Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nonmetallic Elements(continued) Oxygen Sulfur Halogens ] Nonmetallic Elements Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

6. Nonmetallic Elements > Properties of Nonmetals Properties of Nonmetals • Atomic Size • Types of Bonds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/nonmetallic-elements-21/properties-of-nonmetals-147/

7. Nonmetallic Elements > Hydrogen Hydrogen • Properties of Hydrogen • Binary Hydrides • Isotopes of Hydrogen • Hydrogenation • The Hydrogen Economy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/nonmetallic-elements-21/hydrogen-148/

8. Nonmetallic Elements > Boron Boron • Elemental Boron • Trihalides: Boron-Halogen Compounds • Borates: Boron-Oxygen Compounds • Boranes: Boron-Hydrogen Compounds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/nonmetallic-elements-21/boron-152/

9. Nonmetallic Elements > Carbon Carbon • Properties of Carbon • Carbides • Carbon Oxides and Carbonates • Allotropes of Carbon Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/nonmetallic-elements-21/carbon-150/

10. Nonmetallic Elements > Silicates Silicates • Silicate Units, Silicate Chains, Silicate Sheets • Properties of Quartz and Glass • Aluminosilicates Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/nonmetallic-elements-21/silicates-149/

11. Nonmetallic Elements > Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nitrogen and Phosphorus • Properties of Nitrogen • Nitrogen Compounds • Properties of Phosphorus • Phosphorus Compounds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/nonmetallic-elements-21/nitrogen-and-phosphorus-151/

12. Nonmetallic Elements > Oxygen Oxygen • Properties of Oxygen • Oxides • Uses of Oxygen • Ozone Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/nonmetallic-elements-21/oxygen-153/

13. Nonmetallic Elements > Sulfur Sulfur • Properties of Sulfur • Sulfur Compounds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/nonmetallic-elements-21/sulfur-154/

14. Nonmetallic Elements > Halogens Halogens • Properties of the Halogens • Halogen Compounds • Halogen Uses Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/nonmetallic-elements-21/halogens-155/

15. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

16. Nonmetallic Elements Key terms • adenosine triphosphateA nucleotide that occurs in biological organisms and is used as a source of energy in cellular reactions and processes. • aerobicOrganisms living in the presence of oxygen (e.g. aerobic bacteria). • AlkenesIn organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, is an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. • allotropeAny form of a pure element that has a distinctly different molecular structure. • allotropeAny form of a pure element that has a distinctly different molecular structure to another form of the same element. • allotropesDifferent forms of a chemical element found in its natural state. • allotropesDifferent forms of a chemical element. • AluminosilicateMineral composed of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen, plus countercations. • amino acidGenerally, molecules that contain both an amino and a carboxylic acid functional group. The monomers from which polypeptide chains, or proteins, are built are amino acids. • anionA negatively charged ion, as opposed to a cation. • atomic radiusA measure of the size of an atom. Assuming atoms have a spherical shape, the radius of the sphere describes the size of the atom. • bond dissociation energyThe energy required to separate two atoms joined by a particular bond. Expressed in terms of a mole of such bonded atoms. Indicates the strength of the bond. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

17. Nonmetallic Elements • boraneAny binary compound of boron and hydrogen. • borateA salt formed by the combination of boric acid with a base or positive radical. • borateA salt formed by the combination of boric acid with a base or positive radical. • BoronA chemical element with chemical symbol B and atomic number 5. • catenationThe ability of a few elements, most especially carbon, to yield chains and rings by forming covalent bonds with atoms of the same element. • centrosymmetricHaving a center of symmetry. • cokeSolid residue from roasting coal in a coke oven; used principally as a fuel and in the production of steel, and formerly as a domestic fuel. • covalent bondA type of chemical bond where two atoms are connected to each other by the sharing of two or more electrons. • depolymerizationThe decomposition of a polymer into smaller fragments. • diamagneticA substance exhibiting diamagnetism, and is repelled by a magnet. • diamagneticExhibiting diamagnetism; repelled by a magnet. • diatomicConsisting of two atoms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

18. Nonmetallic Elements • diatomicConsisting of two atoms • disinfectantA substance that kills germs and/or viruses. • electronegativityThe tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself. • electronegativityThe tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself. • elementalOf, relating to, or being an element (as opposed to a compound). • glassA solid, transparent substance made by melting sand with a mixture of soda, potash, and lime. • half-lifeIn a radioactive decay process, the amount of time required to end up with half of the original (undecayed) material. • halideA compound of an element with a halogen. • halideA compound of a halogen and one or more elements. • halogenationThe reaction of a halogen with another molecule, especially the replacement of a hydrogen atom of an organic compound with a halogen one. • halogensGroup 17 (or VII) in the periodic table consisting of fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). They share similar chemical properties. • hydrideA compound of hydrogen with a more electropositive element. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

19. Nonmetallic Elements • hydrocarbon economyReferring to the current global economy which is based on fossil fuels as the main energy source. • hydrogen economyA hypothetical future economy in which the primary form of stored energy for mobile applications and load balancing is hydrogen (H2). In particular, H2 replaces fossil fuels used to power automobiles. • hydrogenationThe chemical reaction of hydrogen with another substance, especially with an unsaturated organic compound. • HyperbaricOf, relating to, or utilizing greater than normal pressure (as of oxygen). • hypothyroidismThe disease state caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. • InosilicatesInosilicates, or chain silicates, have interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedrons. • interhalogenA binary compound of two different halogens. • ionic bondA type of chemical bond where two atoms or molecules are connected to each other by electrostatic attraction. • isoelectronicOf two compounds, having the same electronic configuration although consisting of different elements or combinations thereof. • isotopeForms of an element where the atoms have a different number of neutrons within their nuclei. As a consequence, atoms of the same isotope will have the same atomic number, but a different mass number. • kilocalorieA non-SI unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories, used (now rarely) in chemistry or physics; equal to 1 calorie or Calorie as used in nutrition (symbol: kcal). • metalloidA chemical element with properties in between those of nonmetals and metals. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

20. Nonmetallic Elements • nitrogenA chemical element (symbol N) with an atomic number of 7 and atomic weight of 14.0067 amu. • noble gasAny of the elements of group 18 of the periodic table, being monoatomic and (with very limited exceptions) inert. • octasulfurThe most common allotrope of sulfur (S8) containing eight atoms in a ring. • oxideA binary chemical compound of oxygen with another chemical element. • oxideA binary chemical compound of oxygen with another chemical element. • oxideA binary chemical compound of oxygen with another chemical element. • oxocarbonA compound containing only atoms of carbon and oxygen. • oxygenA chemical element (symbol O) with an atomic number of 8 and atomic mass of 15.9994 amu. • ozoneA triatomic molecule, also called trioxygen, consisting of three oxygen atoms (O3). • ozoneAn allotrope of oxygen (symbol O3) having three atoms in the molecule instead of the usual two; it is a blue gas, generated from oxygen by electrical discharge; it is poisonous and highly reactive, but it protects life on Earth by absorbing solar ultraviolet radiation in the upper atmosphere. • paramagneticExhibiting paramagnetism (the tendency of magnetic dipoles to align with an external magnetic field). • passivationThe spontaneous formation of a hard non-reactive surface film (usually an oxide or nitride) that inhibits further corrosion. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

21. Nonmetallic Elements • periodA horizontal row in the periodic table, which signifies the total number of electron shells in an element's atom. • phosphateAny salt or ester of phosphoric acid • PhyllosilicatesSheet silicate minerals, formed by parallel sheets of silicate tetrahedrons Si2O52-. • piezoelectricityThe ability of certain crystals to generate a voltage in response to applied mechanical stress. • polyhalogenated compoundA compound with multiple atoms of halogens. • polyhalogenated compoundsCompounds with multiple halogen atoms. • propellantFuel, oxidizer, reaction mass or mixture for one or more engines (especially internal combustion engines or jet engines) that is carried within a vehicle prior to use. • pyramidalizationThe conversion of a molecule's trigonal planar geometry to a tetrahedral one. • pyrophoricSpontaneously igniting in air. • quartzThe most abundant mineral on the earth's surface. Its chemical composition is silicon dioxide, SiO2. It occurs in a variety of forms, both crystalline and amorphous. It is found in every environment. • radiometric datingA technique used to date materials by comparing the natural abundance of radioactive atoms to their remaining decay products. • SilicateA silicate (SiO44-) is a compound containing a silicon-bearing anion. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

22. Nonmetallic Elements • spallationA type of nuclear fission reaction in which cosmic rays of light cause a nucleus to emit a large number of nucleons (protons and neutrons), leading to the formation of new elements (nucleosynthesis). • substrateThe compound or material which is to be acted upon. • vulcanizationA process by which rubber is hardened using heat and sulfur. • ZeoliteMicroporous aluminosilicate mineral commonly used as commercial absorbent. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

23. Nonmetallic Elements Diamond and Graphite Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon -- pure forms of the same element that differ in structure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Diamond and graphite2."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamond_and_graphite2.jpgView on Boundless.com

24. Nonmetallic Elements Rose Quartz Crystal Rose quartz crystals, Minas Gerais. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Quartz-51109."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quartz-51109.jpgView on Boundless.com

25. Nonmetallic Elements Atomic Sizes (Radii) The atomic size trends across a period and down a group ('family' in this figure) of the periodic table are shown in this figure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Comparative Atomic Sizes."CC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Comparative_atomic_sizes.pngView on Boundless.com

26. Nonmetallic Elements Isotopes of Hydrogen The three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Protium_deuterium_tritium."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Protium_deuterium_tritium.jpgView on Boundless.com

27. Nonmetallic Elements Autoinducer-2 Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) is one of the few known biomolecules containing the element Boron. AI-2 is used by many types of bacteria as a signaling molecule mediating quorum sensing. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia%20Commons."AI-2."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AI-2.pngView on Boundless.com

28. Nonmetallic Elements Ozonolysis The cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds by O3 is shown in this figure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia%20Commons."Ozonolysis%20Scheme."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ozonolysis_Scheme.pngView on Boundless.com

29. Nonmetallic Elements Cyclooctasulfur The structure of the cyclooctasulfur molecule, S8. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia%20Commons."Cyclooctasulfur-above-3D-balls."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyclooctasulfur-above-3D-balls.pngView on Boundless.com

30. Nonmetallic Elements Partial hydrogenation in margarine Margarine is a semi-solid butter substitute created from vegetable oil, which is typically unsaturated and therefore liquid at room temperature. The process of partial hydrogenation adds hydrogen atoms and reduces the double bonds in the fatty acids, creating a semi-solid vegetable oil at room temperature. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia commons."H2forMargerin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H2forMargerin.pngView on Boundless.com

31. Nonmetallic Elements Three-dimensional structure of zeolite In the mineral zeolite, silica and oxygen atoms are bonded layers of sheets. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia%252520commons."The%252520microporous%252520molecular%252520structure%252520of%252520a%252520zeolite,%252520ZSM-5."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolite%23mediaviewer/File:Zeolite-ZSM-5-3D-vdW.pngView on Boundless.com

32. Nonmetallic Elements Boron trifluoride Boron (III) trifluoride structure, BF3, showing the "empty" boron p orbital in pi-type coordinate covalent bonds. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Boron."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoronView on Boundless.com

33. Nonmetallic Elements Peroxydisulfuric acid Peroxydisulfuric acid (H2S2O8) is made from the action of H2SO4 on concentrated H2O2. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Peroxydisulfuric-acid-3D-balls."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peroxydisulfuric-acid-3D-balls.pngView on Boundless.com

34. Nonmetallic Elements Quartz This diagram shows the crystal structure of quartz. Silicon atoms are grey, and oxygen atoms are red. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia%252520Commons."A-quartz."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AA-quartz.pngView on Boundless.com

35. Nonmetallic Elements Diagram of White Phosphorus The most important elemental form of phosphorus is white phosphorus, P4, which exhibits the bonding shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."White%20phosphrous%20molecule."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_phosphrous_molecule.jpgView on Boundless.com

36. Nonmetallic Elements The Nitrogen Cycle The figure summarizes the major processes through which nitrogen is converted between its various forms on the surface of the earth. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia%20Commons."Nitrogen%20Cycle."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpgView on Boundless.com

37. Nonmetallic Elements Phosphate in DNA DNA strands have a phosphate-deoxyribose backbone. Two DNA strands are shown in the figure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:DNA chemical structure.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DNA_chemical_structure.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

38. Nonmetallic Elements Heterogeneous Catalysis The hydrogenation of ethylene (C2H4) on a solid support is an example of heterogeneous catalysis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Heterogeneous%20catalysis."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous_catalysisView on Boundless.com

39. Nonmetallic Elements Spectrum of Nitrogen Sending an electric current through nitrogen excites the electrons to higher energy levels. When they fall to lower energy levels, certain frequencies of light (based on the difference in energy of the energy levels) are observed, as shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nitrogen%20Spectra."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Spectra.jpgView on Boundless.com

40. Nonmetallic Elements Silver Chloride Silver chloride is the precipitate formed when silver nitrate solution is added to chloride solution. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."AgCl-neerslag."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AgCl-neerslag.jpgView on Boundless.com

41. Nonmetallic Elements Red Phosphorus Crystal Structure Red phosphorus is similar to P4 but is polymeric: one of the P-P bonds has been broken and is now attached to the next P4 unit. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."RedPhosphorus."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RedPhosphorus.jpgView on Boundless.com

42. Nonmetallic Elements Phosphoric Acid Phosphoric acid contains one P=O double bond and three P-O single bonds terminating in acidic OH groups. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Phosphoric-acid-2D-dimensions."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phosphoric-acid-2D-dimensions.pngView on Boundless.com

43. Nonmetallic Elements Boron Boron has a black-brown appearance. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Boron."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoronView on Boundless.com

44. Nonmetallic Elements Borane Ball-and-stick model of borane, BH3, which is highly reactive. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Borane."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoraneView on Boundless.com

45. Nonmetallic Elements Natural Glass Moldavite, a natural glass formed by meteorite impact, from Besednice, Bohemia. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Moldavite%252520Besednice."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moldavite_Besednice.jpgView on Boundless.com

46. Nonmetallic Elements Silicate Sheet The formula of silicate sheet is (Si2O52−)n. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Silicate-sheet-3D-polyhedra."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silicate-sheet-3D-polyhedra.pngView on Boundless.com

47. Nonmetallic Elements Protium Protium, the most common isotope of hydrogen, consists of one proton and one electron. Unique among all stable isotopes, it has no neutrons. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Hydrogen.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hydrogen.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

48. Nonmetallic Elements Titanium Carbide Lattice structure of titanium carbide. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."TiC-xtal-3D-vdW."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TiC-xtal-3D-vdW.pngView on Boundless.com

49. Nonmetallic Elements Phase Diagram of Aluminosilicate Mineral The phase diagram of Al2SiO5 showing its different forms (called "polymorphs"). (Note: What is referred to as "Cianite" in the figure corresponds to "kyanite" in the text.) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia%20Commons."Al2SiO5%20diagramma%20di%20fase."CC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Al2SiO5_diagramma_di_fase.jpgView on Boundless.com

50. Nonmetallic Elements Silicate Tetrahedron Ball-and-stick model of the silicate tetrahedron; red represents oxygen atoms and gray represents the silicon atom in the center. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Silicate-tetrahedron-3D-balls."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silicate-tetrahedron-3D-balls.pngView on Boundless.com