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CHAPTER 9

CHAPTER 9. OBSERVATION STUDIES. THE USES OF OBSERVATION. Observation study is a monitoring approach to collecting data where the researcher inspects the activities of a subject or the nature of some materials without attempting to elicit responses from anyone.

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CHAPTER 9

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  1. CHAPTER 9 OBSERVATION STUDIES

  2. THE USES OF OBSERVATION Observation study is a monitoring approach to collecting data where the researcher inspects the activities of a subject or the nature of some materials without attempting to elicit responses from anyone. Observation qualifies as scientific inquiry. WHEN?

  3. Besides collecting data visually, observation involves listening, reading, smelling, and touching. Thus, observation includes the full range of monitoring behavioral and nonbehavioral activities and conditions.

  4. Observation approach Record analysis Nonbehavioral Physical condition analysis Physical process analysis Nonverbal analysis Linguistic analysis Behavioral Extralinguistic analysis Spatial analysis

  5. ADVANTAGES • Gather certain types of information • Collect the original data at the same time they occur • Secure information that most participants would ignore • Capture the whole event as it occurs in its natural environment • Participants accept an observational intrusion better than they respond to questioning

  6. DISADVANTAGES • Often impossible to predict where and when the event will occur • Slow and expensive process • Restriction of reliable results to information • Disproportionately large records which are difficult to analyze • Limited - as a way to learn about the past, as a method to learn what is going on in the present at some distant place • Difficult to gather information on such topics as intentions, attitudes, opinions, or preferences.

  7. THE OBSERVER-PARTICIANT RELATIONSHIP Directness of observation Whether the observation is direct or indirect Concealment Whether the observer's presence is known or unknown to the participant Participation What role the observers play

  8. THE TYPE OF OBSERVATION STUDY BASED ON DATA COLLECTION Simple observation Systematic observation

  9. BASED ON THE DEGREE OF STRUCTURE Research class Environment Purpose Research tool • Completely unstructured • Unstructured • Structured • Completely structured Natural settings Laboratory Natural settings Laboratory Generate hypotheses Test hypotheses Observation checklist Observation checklist

  10. DATA COLLECTION • WHO? • WHAT? Event-time dimension • Act • WHEN? • HOW? • WHERE?

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