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AMA 109 Pharmacology

Learn about pharmacology drug names, legal regulations, storage and handling, dosage calculations, medical uses, drug actions, factors affecting drug action, undesirable actions, and routes of administration. Enhance your knowledge of prescription medication.

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AMA 109 Pharmacology

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  1. AMA 109 Pharmacology

  2. Drug Names • Chemical Name: describes the drug’s molecular structure – i.e. 2-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)guanidine • Generic Name: is the drug’s official name (lower case, can be made by more than one pharmaceutical company) i.e. metformin • Trade or Brand Name: registered by patent and protected for 17 years – i.e. Glucophage

  3. Legal Regulations • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - regulates manufacture and distribution of drugs and food products • Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) - strong regulatory control over all controlled substances • Controlled Substances Act Schedule I – highest potential for abuse - Opium Schedule II – high potential for abuse - Morphine Schedule III – limited potential for dependence - Fiorinal Schedule IV – lower potential for abuse - Valium Schedule V – lowest potential for abuse - Lomotil

  4. Storage and Handling • Store in original containers • Keep in locked cabinet • Follow special handling i.e. refrigeration, freezing, keep in dark place, etc.. • Drug labels indicate proper handling, always read! • Always label drawn up medication! • Keep medications for internal use separate from those for external use • Always check expiration dates! • Read the label 3 times!

  5. Parts of a Prescription

  6. Medication Name Medication Strength Medication Use Expiration Date Manufacturer Medication Information Medication Label

  7. Dosage Calculations • Ratios: 3:4 = 1:2 multiply the means and the extremes (4) (1) means (3) (2) extremes Solve for X 30mg : 1cc = 60mg : x 1cc x 60mg = 30mg x x 60 = 30x 60/30 = x 2 = x give 2cc or 2mL • Formula Method:Dose ordered X Quantity = Amount to give Dose on hand Ordered: 40mg Demerol / On hand: 80mg X Quantity: per 1mL 40/80 x 1mL = 0.5mL(cc) • Children’s Dosages by BSA (Body Surface Area): BSA of Child x Adult Dose = Child’s Dose 1.7 0.7 (40 inches tall, weight 38 pounds) x 50mg Demerol(adult dose) = child dose 1.7 0.41 x 50 = 20.6mg Demerol for the child * Then go to formula method to determine what is on hand to determine cc’s to give…

  8. Medical Uses for Drugs Medical uses for drugs: • Therapeutic: used in treatment such as antihistamine for allergies • Diagnostic: used in radiology such as barium for x-rays • Curative: used to kill the causative agent in a disease such as antibiotics • Replacement: used to replace substances normally found in the body such as hormones • Preventative or Prophylactic: used to lessen severity or ward off disease such as immunizations Ways to handle drugs: • Prescribe: licensed practitioner gives a written prescription to be filled later • Dispense: to give medication ordered by the practitioner to be taken at another time • Administer: to give medication by mouth, injection, etc… right then as ordered by the practitioner

  9. Drug Actions In general drugs may be grouped as follows: those that act directly on one or more tissues of the body; those that act on microorganisms; and those that replace body chemicals. Certain drugs have selective action: such as stimulants which increase cell activity and depressants, which decrease cell activity. Other drugs may have what is known as: • Local Action – the drug acts on the area to which it is administered, i.e. ointment for a rash • Remote Action– a drug affects a part of the body that is distant from the site of administration, i.e. chemotherapy • Systemic Action– the drug is carried via the bloodstream throughout the body, i.e. antibiotics • Synergistic Action– one drug increases or counteracts the action of another, i.e. HIV meds

  10. FACTORS THAT AFFECT DRUG ACTION The four principal factors that affect drug action are: absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and elimination. These factors depend on the individual patient, the form and chemical composition of the drug and the method of administration. • Absorptionis the process whereby the drug passes into the body fluids and tissues. • Distribution is the process whereby the drug is transported from the blood to the intended site of action, site of biotransformation, site of storage and site of elimination. • Biotransformationis the chemical alteration that a drug undergoes in the body. • Eliminationis the process whereby the drug is excreted from the body. Elimination occurs via the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, skin, mucous membranes and mammary glands.

  11. Undesirable Actions of Drugs • Side Effect: undesirable action that may limit usefulness • Drug Interaction: one drug potentially increases or diminishes the action of another, (drugs may also interact with food, alcohol, etc…) • Adverse Reaction: unfavorable or harmful unintended action such as allergic reaction

  12. Routes and Administration • Direct Application: lotions, creams, transdermal • Sublingual: under the tongue, tablets, liquid, drops • Buccal: in the cheek, tablets • Rectal: suppositories, ointments • Vaginal: suppositories, creams, etc… • Inhalation: inhalers, oxygen, sprays • Instillation: liquid, drops (eyes and ears) • Parenteral: injections

  13. Emergency Medications and Supplies – Medication Errors Some examples of emergency drugs and their use: • Adrenalin: anaphylactic shock (vasoconstrictor) • Albuterol: asthma (bronchodilator) • Benadryl: allergic reaction (antihistamine) • Compazine: relieves nausea and vomiting (antiemetic) • Dextrose: hypoglycemia • Hydrocortisone: suppresses swelling and shock (antiinflammatory) • Insulin: diabetic coma • Narcan: drug overdose (antidote) • Nitroglycerin: angina (vasodilator) • Oxygen: respiratory difficulties When an error occurs: • Recognize • Stay calm • Report • Follow orders • Document

  14. “6 Rights” – Check the Label x 3! • Right Drug Check the label 3 times!! 1) when removing from storage area 2) when removing from container 3) when returning to storage or before discarding empty container • Right Dose • Right Route • Right Time • Right Patient • Right Documentation

  15. Patient Education • Take medication exactly as directed for the prescribed duration; do not stop unless you ask provider • Inform the Provider of any unusual or adverse reactions • Do not take other meds unless you ask the provider; never take another person’s medication • Store away from children • Discard properly; always check expiration date • Heed warning labels; always check label of prescribed meds at pharmacy to be sure it is correct • Be sure you understand what you are taking; ask for explanation if needed • Enroll in education classes if you are taking lifelong drug therapy

  16. References • http://www.drugs.com/top200.html • http://www.rxlist.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=79509 • http://home.sc.rr.com/nurdosagecal/ • http://classes.kumc.edu/son/nurs420/clinical/basic_review.htm#Parenteral%20Medications • http://nursesaregreat.com/articles/drugcal.htm • http://www.cdc.gov/Nip/recs/child-schedule.htm

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