Pg# 417-444

1. AP European History:The Western Heritage Since 1300Chapter 14: The Age of Enlightenment: 18th Century Thought Pg# 417-444

2. Key Topics I. Chapter 14: Key Topics 1. The astronomical theories of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton and the emergence of the scientific worldview. 2. Impact of the new science on philosophy. 3. Social setting of early modern science. 4. Women and the Scientific Revolution. 5. Approaches to science and religion. 6. Witchcraft and witch-hunts.

3. Chapter Outline II. Chapter 14: Outline I. Scientific Revolution II. Philosophy Responds to Changing Science III. New Institutions of Expanding Natural Science IV. Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution V. New Science and Religious Faith VI. Continuing Superstition VII. Baroque Art VIII. In Perspective

4. Vocabulary II. Age of Enlightenment I. Scientific Revolution Rene Descartes Adam Smith Frederick II of Prussia Mary Wollstonecraft physiocrats tabula rasa Thomas Hobbes Denis Diderot Baron de Montesquieu Joseph II of Austria John Locke Jean le Ronde d’Alembert Jean-Jacques Rousseau Catherine II of Russia Philosophes Laissez-faire • empiricism • enlightenment • old believers • Nicholas Copernicus • Galileo Galilei • Blaise Pascal • Ptolemaic systems • Scientific induction • Scientific revolution • Tycho Brahe • Isaac Newton • deism • Johannes Kepler • Francis Bacon

5. Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment • a deep commitment to reason, • a trust in the emerging modern sciences to solve problems and provide control over nature, • a commitment to the idea of progress in material wealth and in human civility, • a belief in the essential goodness of human nature, • an emphasis upon the individual as master of his fate and fortune, and • an engagement with the public sphere of discussion and action. Sir Isaac Newton

6. Scientific Revolution • Scientific Revolution: a. only the west developed modern science 2. Previous ideas of universe based on: a. Aristotelianmedieval idea b. motionless Earth fixed at the center at the center of the universe c. around the Earth moved ten crystal spheres, and beyond the spheres was heaven d. Aristotle’s views suited Christianity because it positioned human beings at the center of universe e. Established a home for God f. Science a branch of theology

7. Scientific Revolution 3. Copernican Hypothesis: a. Copernicus, Polish clergyman/astronomer, claimed Earth revolved around the sun & sun center of universe b. heliocentric theory departure from medieval thought & created doubts regarding Christian infallability 4. Brahe to Galileo a. Brahe(Dutch) built observatory used telescope b. Kepler, assistant, formulated laws of planetary motion proving precise relationship among planets in a sun-centered universe 5. Galileo discovered laws of motion using “experimental method”

8. Scientific Revolution 6. Newton’s Synthesis: a. Principia (1687), Newton integrated astronomy of Copernicus/Kepler with physics of Galileo b. formulated mathematical laws to explain motion/mechanics c. key feature in synthesis was law of universal gravitation 7. Henceforth-universe could be explained through mathematics 8. Causes of scientific revolution: a. S.R. product of individual genius b. medieval universities provided framework for new science c. Renaissance stimulated new science d. navigational problems of sea voyages generated scientific research/new instruments e. Better ways of obtaining Knowledge about the World improved scientific Methodology f. Bacon advocated empirical, Experimental research g. Descartes stressed Mathematics/deductive Reasoning h. Modern scientific method Based on synthesis of Bacon’s Inductive experimentalism/ Descarte’s deductive Mathematical rationalism

9. The Enlightenment • Intellectual/ cultural movement that tied together certain key ideas & was link between S.R. & new worldview. • Ideas included: a. natural science & reasons could explain all aspects of life b. scientific method could explain laws of human society c. progress-creation of better societies & better people 3. Enlightenment: a. Fontenelle stressed idea of progress b. cynical about organized religion/absolute religious truth 4. Bayle felt nothing could be concluded beyond all doubt 5. Growth of world beyond Europe led many to view world/morality in relative, not absolute terms 6. Essay Concerning Human Understanding-Locke insisted all ideas derived from experience; at birth one is a clean slate

10. “Is Man Good or Bad”? • John Locke • Locke thought people were moral at heart • entitled to certain natural rights • governments were obliged to protect basic rights Thomas Hobbes • Hobbes thought people needed strict control to rein in their naturally brutish tendencies. vs

11. The Enlightenment 7. Philosophes & the Public: a. brought ideas to ignorant people & ideas to highest stage of development in France b. French language international language of educated classes of Europe, France also Europe’s wealthiest state c. intellectual freedom possible in France d. philosophes committed to bringing new thinking to public, but not necessarily the masses e. used satire to criticize those they opposed in plays, pamphlets, books, novels f. Montesquieu theory of separation of powers extremely influential g. Voltaire challenged traditional Catholic theology and believed in distant God who led human affairs take their own course

12. How were the ideas of the Phylosophes spread? .

13. The Enlightenment h. Voltaire opposed legal injustice & unequal treatment before the law; skeptical of social/economic equality; hated religious intolerance i. Diderot & d’Alembert edited Encyclopedia, which examined all human affairs, sought to spread information j. Later Enlightenment writers argued that: 1. D’Holbach argued that all humans were controlled by outside forces 2. Hume argued that mind nothing but bundle of impressions that originate in sense of experiences 3. Rousseau attacked rationalism & civilization; felt children should develop naturally/ spontaneously in Social Contract 4. Buyers of books came from middle class, clergy, aristocracy 5. Introduction of undergound pornography caused concern amongst the clergy 6. Ideas regarding women’s rights spread via salons(parties) hosted by women a. Madame Geoffrin’s salon parties famous across Paris/ Europe

14. The Salons of Paris Welcomed all… • In aristocratic circles, Society was still mainly concerned about appearances. • The elaborate parties codified etiquette. • Wit became most important. • Guests competed to say the most erudite and witty comment. • If they said something “wrong” they were openly ridiculed!

15. The Salons of Paris Welcomed all… • The salons were legendary… • intelligent women provided a setting for the philosophes to meet and discuss the challenges of the day.

16. The City of Paris was the center of the Age of Enlightenment • People met in Salons, usually the private homes of people throughout Paris • Women assumed the role of hostess to these parties as they welcomed those made famous by the various philosophes as well as the aristocracy from across Europe • Tell about the points of interest in your country that people from other countries may be interested in visiting.

17. The Salons of Paris Welcomed all… • They met on certain days of the week and discussed a variety of subjects. • In the salons, talent and creativity counted more than noble lineage

18. French philosophers who wrote about government, law, and society were known as the philosophes • Baron de Montesquieu believed in employing three branches of government that could balance each other’s power • Jean-Jacques Rousseau thought people were basically good and should be much freer from governmental controls • Voltaire fought the slave trade and religious prejudice with his witty writings. • Denis Diderot collected Enlightenment articles in an Encyclopedia that helped to spread ideas throughout Europe and the Americas

19. The Spread of information Across Europe • The goal of the Encyclopedia was to make available all the current up-to-date technological, cultural, and philosophical knowledge of the day • Bibles were translated from Latin into German, English, and other languages, so that people became free to interpret the word of God by themselves

20. New Economic Thinking Law of Supply and Demand

21. Enlightenment Ideas About Govt • Tell about the important customs and traditions celebrated in your country. Include information about who celebrates and when they celebrate.

22. A new ConstitutionDirect Enlightened Influences Locke • People have certain natural rights, including life, liberty, and ownership of property • Govt. can be justified by protecting human rights better than an individual • If Govt. does not do a good job of protecting rights of citizens then citizens have right to find new rulers Montesquieu • Political freedom should be advanced by separating powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches of Govt. • Each branch of Govt. should be able to check the power of the other branches Rousseau • People are naturally good, but are corrupted by society • Controls on people are important, but should be minimal • The good of the community should be placed above individual interests