Contents

1. Chapter Introduction Section 1The North’s Economy Section 2The North’s People Section 3Southern Cotton Kingdom Section 4The South’s People Chapter Summary Chapter Assessment Contents Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

2. Introduction 1 Click the Speaker buttonto replay the audio.

3. Chapter Objectives Section 1: The North’s Economy • Understand how advances in technology shaped the economy of the North. Introduction 2 • Explain how new kinds of transportation and communication spurred economic growth. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

4. Chapter Objectives Section 2: The North’s People • Summarize how working conditions in industries changed. Introduction 3 • Compare and contrast how immigration affected American economic, political,and cultural life. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

5. Chapter Objectives Section 3: Southern Cotton Kingdom • Explore how settlement expanded in the South. Introduction 4 • Determine why the economy of the South relied on agriculture. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

6. Chapter Objectives Section 4: The South’s People • Describe what life was like on Southern plantations. Introduction 5 • Understand how enslaved workers maintained strong family and cultural ties. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

7. Why It Matters At the same time that national spirit and pride were growing throughout the country, a strong sectional rivalry was also developing. Both North and South wanted to further their own economic and political interests. Introduction 6

8. The Impact Today Differences still exist between the regions of the nation but are no longer as sharp. Mass communication and the migration of people from one region to another have lessened the differences. Introduction 7

9. Introduction 8

10. Introduction 9

11. Guide to Reading Main Idea During the 1800s, advances in technology and transportation shaped the North’s economy. Section 1-1 Key Terms • clipper ship • telegraph • Morse code Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

12. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Organizing Information As you read the section, re-create the diagram on page 386 of your textbook and list examples of advances in transportation and technology. Section 1-2 Read to Learn • how advances in technology shaped the economy of the North. • how new kinds of transportation and communication spurred economic growth. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

13. Samuel Morse’s telegraph key Section 1-4 Click the Speaker buttonto replay the audio.

14. Technology and Industry • The factors of production are resources—land, labor, and capital—that are needed to produce goods and services. Section 1-5 • “Land” is the natural resources on Earth. It includes lands, hills, sea, oceans, and air. • “Labor” is made up of the workers and managers who make the goods and services. • “Capital” is man-made goods that are used to produce other goods and services. Capital can also refer to the money used to invest in an industry. (pages 386–389) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

15. Technology and Industry (cont.) • The United States’s abundance of land, labor, and capital was vital to the nation’s economic growth. Section 1-6 (pages 386–389) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

16. Technology and Industry (cont.) • Advances in transportation sparked the success of many new industries. • Robert Fulton’s steamboat, developed in 1807, enabled goods and passengers to move along the inland waterways more cheaply and quickly. • Thousands of miles of roads and canals were built between 1800 and 1850, connecting many lakes and rivers. • Canal builders widened and deepened the canals in the 1840s so steamboats could pass through. • Steamboats created the growth of cities suchas Chicago, Cincinnati, and Buffalo. Section 1-7 (pages 386–389) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

17. Technology and Industry (cont.) • Clipper, or sailing, ships were built in the 1840s to go faster, almost as fast as steamships. They could travel an averageof 300 miles per day. Section 1-8 • Railroad growth in the 1840s and 1850s connected places that were far apart. • Early railroads connected mines with nearby rivers. • Horses, not locomotives, powered the early railroads. • The first steam-powered passenger locomotive, the Rocket, began operating in Britain in 1829. (pages 386–389) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

18. Technology and Industry (cont.) • Peter Cooper designed and built the first American steam locomotive, Tom Thumb, in 1830. Section 1-9 • A railway network in 1860 of nearly 31,000 miles of track linked cities in the North and Midwest. • Railway builders tied the eastern lines to lines built farther west so that by 1860, a network united the East and the Midwest. • Railways transformed trade and settlement in the nation’s interior. (pages 386–389) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

19. Technology and Industry (cont.) • With the Erie Canal and railway network between the East and West, grain, livestock, and dairy products moved directly from the Midwest to the East. Section 1-10 • Prices were lower because goods traveled faster and more cheaply. • People settled into Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and as the population of the states grew, new towns and industry developed in the Midwest. (pages 386–389) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

21. Technology and Industry (cont.) • People needed to communicate fasterto keep up with the industrial growth and faster travel methods. Section 1-11 • Samuel Morse developed the telegraph in 1844. • It used electric signals to send messages along wires. • To transmit messages, Morse developed the Morse code, using a series of dots and dashes to represent the letters of the alphabet. • By 1852 the United States was operating about 23,000 miles of telegraph lines. (pages 386–389) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

22. Technology and Industry (cont.) Section 1-13 How did railroads transform trade and settlement in the country? Railroads enabled goods and people to move from place to place faster and cheaper. Railroads connected the East to the Midwest, so people settled in places in the Midwest and industry developed there, too. (pages 386–389) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

23. Agriculture • Farmers were able to sell their productsin new markets as a result of the railroads and canals. Section 1-14 • New inventions changed farming methods and also encouraged settlers to develop larger areas in the West thought to be too difficult to farm. • John Deere invented the steel-tipped plow in 1837. • Its steel-tipped blade cut through hard soil more easily than previous plows, which used wood blades. (page 390) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

24. Agriculture (cont.) • The mechanical reaper sped up harvesting wheat. • Cyrus McCormick designed and constructed it and made a fortune manufacturing and selling it. • The mechanical reaper harvested grain much faster than a hand-operated sickle. • Farmers began planting more wheat because they could harvest it faster. • Growing wheat became profitable. • The thresher separated the grain from the stalk. Section 1-15 (page 390) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

25. Agriculture (cont.) • Midwestern farmers grew large quantities of wheat and shipped it east. Section 1-16 • Farmers in the Northeast and Middle Atlantic states increased production of fruits and vegetables because they grew well in Eastern soil. (page 390) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

26. Agriculture (cont.) • Agriculture was not a mainstay of the North. Section 1-17 • Farming the rocky soil was difficult. • Instead, the North continued to grow industrially. • More and more people worked in factories, and the problems connected with factory labor also grew. (page 390) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

28. Agriculture (cont.) Section 1-18 How did improvements in agriculture help farmers? The steel-tipped plow made cutting through soil easier. The mechanical reaper sped up harvesting wheat. More wheat was planted because it could be harvested faster, making it more profitable. The thresher sped up the harvesting process. Railroads also helped farmers by moving their goods faster, farther, and cheaper. (page 390) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

29. Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 1. a device or system that uses electric signals to transmit messages by a code over wires __ 2. a fast sailing ship with slender lines, tall masts,and large square sails __ 3. a system for transmitting messages that uses a series of dots and dashes to represent the letters of the alphabet, numbers, and punctuation A. clipper ship B. telegraph C. Morse code B Section 1-19 A C Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

30. Checking for Understanding Reviewing Facts Identify and describe the three phases of industrialization inthe North. Section 1-20 The three phases of industrialization in the North were the division of tasks among workers, building factories to bring specialized workers together, and the use of machinery by factory workers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

31. Reviewing Themes Economic Factors How did improvements in transportation affect the price of goods? Section 1-21 Transportation improvements reduced prices because goods traveled faster and more cheaply. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

32. Critical Thinking Determining Cause and Effect How did the steel-tipped plow aid settlers on the Great Plains? Section 1-22 Wooden plows could not break through the tough sod. When the steel plow was invented, it solved the problem. The sturdy plow easily cut through hard-packed sod. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

33. Guide to Reading Main Idea Many cities grew tremendously during this period. Section 2-1 Key Terms • trade union • famine • nativist • strike • prejudice • discrimination Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

34. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Determining Cause and Effect As you read the section, re-create the diagram on page 391 of your textbook and list two reasons for the growth of cities. Section 2-2 Read to Learn • how working conditions in industries changed. • how immigration affected American economic, political, and cultural life. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

35. 12-year-oldfactory worker Section 2-4 Click the Speaker buttonto replay the audio.

36. Northern Factories • Factories produced items such as shoes, watches, guns, sewing machines, and agricultural machinery in addition to textiles and clothing. Section 2-5 • Working conditions worsened as factories grew. • Employees worked an average 11.4-hour days, often under dangerous and unpleasant conditions. • No laws existed to regulate working conditions or to protect workers. (pages 391–393) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

37. Northern Factories (cont.) • By the 1830s workers began to organizeto improve working conditions. Section 2-6 • Trade unions, or organizations of workers with the same trade or skill, developed. • Unskilled workers also organized dueto poor working conditions. (pages 391–393) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

38. Northern Factories (cont.) • Skilled workers in New York City wenton strike or refused to work in the mid-1830s. Section 2-7 • They hoped for higher wages and a 10-hour day. • They formed the General Trades Unionof New York. (pages 391–393) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

39. Northern Factories (cont.) • Striking was illegal and workers could be punished by law or fired from their jobs. Section 2-8 • A Massachusetts court ruled in favor of workers’ right to strike in 1842, but this was just the beginning of workers receiving legal rights. (pages 391–393) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

40. Northern Factories (cont.) • Although the North did not have slavery in the 1830s, it did have racial prejudice and discrimination. Section 2-9 • In 1821, although New York stopped requiring white men to own property in order to vote, few African Americans could vote. • In fact, Rhode Island and Pennsylvania passed laws prohibiting free African Americans from voting. (pages 391–393) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

41. Northern Factories (cont.) • Free African Americans were not allowed to attend public schools and were barred from public facilities. Section 2-10 • They were forced into segregated schoolsand hospitals in most communities. • A few African Americans were successfulin business. • Most, though, were extremely poor. (pages 391–393) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

42. Northern Factories (cont.) • Women were discriminated against in the mills and factories even though they played a major role in the development of industry. Section 2-11 • They worked for less pay, were excluded from unions, and were kept out of the workplace to make more jobs for men. • The Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization in Massachusetts petitioned the state legislature for a 10-hour workday in 1845. (pages 391–393) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

43. Northern Factories (cont.) • The legislature did not even consider the petition signed only by women. • Most early efforts in the workplace failed but did set the stage for later women’s movements. Section 2-12 (pages 391–393)

45. Northern Factories (cont.) Section 2-13 Why do you think working conditions deteriorated in the Northern factories? Possible answers: Factory owners did not care about the people who worked for them. They wanted people to do the required jobs and turn out as much product as possible so that they could turn a profit. The owners were not interested in providing a good working environment with good pay and a reasonably shortened day. (pages 391–393) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

46. The Rise of Cities • People moved to the cities to fill the factory jobs. • In 1860 the population of New York City, the nation’s largest city, passed 800,000. • Philadelphia had more than 500,000 people. • City life was often difficult and dangerous due to overcrowding, run-down buildings, and the threat of disease and fire. Section 2-14 (pages 393–395) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

47. The Rise of Cities (cont.) • Immigration to the United States greatly increased between 1840 and 1860. Section 2-15 • Many of these people were willing to work for low pay and long hours. • The largest group came from Ireland, more than 1.5 million, settling mainly in the Northeast. • A potato famine, or an extreme shortage, caused by a potato disease destroyed Ireland’s crops, and starvation followed. • Potatoes were the staple food of the Irish diet. (pages 393–395) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

48. The Rise of Cities (cont.) • The men from Ireland worked in factories or did manual labor such as working on the railroads and digging ditches. Section 2-16 • Women became servants and factory workers. • The second-largest group of immigrants came from Germany. They settled in New York, Pennsylvania, the Midwest, and the western territories. • Some came for new opportunity, and others came as a result of the failure of the democratic revolution in 1848. • More than one million came, many in family groups. Many had money, so they prospered, founding their own communities and organizations and buying farms or setting up businesses. (pages 393–395) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

49. The Rise of Cities (cont.) • Immigration changed the character of the country. Section 2-17 • People brought their language, customs, religion, and ways of life. • Most of the Irish immigrants and about one-half of German immigrants were Roman Catholics. • They settled in northeastern cities. • The church gave them a source of spiritual guidance and also provideda center for community life. (pages 393–395) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

50. The Rise of Cities (cont.) • The immigrants faced prejudice. • Anti-immigrant feelings arose. • People opposed to immigration, called nativists, felt that immigration threatened the future of “native” born citizens. • Some nativists thought that immigrants took jobs away from “real” Americans. • Others thought they brought crime and disease. Section 2-18 (pages 393–395) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.