Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease.

1. Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease. Ebola, West Nile and the Flu, Oh My!!! Mark A. Gallo, Associate Professor of Biology, Niagara University Chair, K12 Education, American Society for Microbiology mgallo@niagara.edu

2. Same postulates used today when discussing infectious disease-causing agents (with some changes to the rules).

4. An estimated one third of the world's population (or ≈500 million persons) were infected and had clinically apparent illnesses during the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic. Case-fatality rates were >2.5%, compared to <0.1% in other influenza pandemics. Total deaths were estimated at ≈50 million and were arguably as high as 100 million. The impact of this pandemic was not limited to 1918–1919. All influenza A pandemics since that time, and indeed almost all cases of influenza A worldwide (excepting human infections from avian viruses such as H5N1 and H7N7), have been caused by descendants of the 1918 virus, including "drifted" H1N1 viruses and reassorted H2N2 and H3N2 viruses. The latter are composed of key genes from the 1918 virus, updated by subsequently incorporated avian influenza genes that code for novel surface proteins, making the 1918 virus indeed the "mother" of all pandemics.

8. People don’t really have much intimate contact with pigs, do they???

9. Yuck, surely this is some sort of fluke, or is it?

13. Maybe it’s just a redneck thing?

14. Maybe it’s just a guy thing?

15. Nope, I guess not

20. National Center for Biotechnology Information http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

23. National Center for Biotechnology Information http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

24. NCBI data regarding influenza http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/

25. Growth in amount of nucleic acid sequence related to flu. Anybody want to analyze their relatedness by hand?

32. What does the H mean And why do they cluster this way? Antigenic Shift

33. Antigenic Drift

34. A few questions to consider: Are sub-types always more similar sequence-wise? Are certain influenza sub-types animal-host-specific? Does country of origin matter with respect to relatedness of viruses? Does year of appearance matter with respect to relatedness of viruses? Does animal host matter with respect to relatedness of viruses? Are certain viral genes always linked? Do certain combinations of genes make for a more deadly strain of virus? Has drift changed the genes sufficiently that they should receive a new sub-type?

35. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/WeeklyFluActivityMap.htm

36. Authors Sanja Saftic Berna Biotech.AG Bern, Switzerland sanja.saftic@bernabiotech.com Matthias Amberg nothing medialab Ltd Bern, Switzerland Renzo Haettenschwieler nothing medialab Ltd Bern, Switzerland Bastiaan Van Rooden nothing medialab Ltd Bern, Switzerland spot@nothing.ch Test your skill at ASM’s Microbelibrary. http://www.microbelibrary.org/asmonly/details.asp?id=1814&Lang=

37. Don’t forget to cover your sneezes!

38. Some web sites of interest Centers for Disease Control and Prevention main 2009 Flu site http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/ Interactive weekly activity map of flu virus, both in terms of numbers of infections and deaths. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/WeeklyFluActivityMap.htm Public Health Image Library - contains photos, drawings, illustrations, and multimedia files http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp MicrobeLibrary Visual Collection - contains a number of images, animations, and videos pertaining to microbiology http://www.microbelibrary.org/about/index.asp?bid=1088 Flu game - A fast action Flash animation where individuals race the clock to vaccinate the population before the flu strikes them. Offered by the American Society for Microbiology. http://www.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleimages/saftic/index.html

39. Microbial Discovery Activitieshttp://www.asm.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=90592&Itemid=520*Free on-line resource.*Submitted by teachers and microbiologists.*Peer-reviewed by ASM *Field tested exercises.*Inquiry-based and multidisciplinary. *Aligned with National Science Education Standards.*When used, biological agents do not exceed CDC’s biosafety standards level 1.*All include a printable teacher and student handouts.

41. Th-th-th-that’s all folks.