Chapter 17

1. Chapter 17 American History 2

2. Becoming a World Power, 1872-1912 17.1 The Imperialist Vision 17.2 The Spanish-American War 17.3 New American Diplomacy Robin Williams As Teddy Roosevelt in Night at the Museum

3. Building Support for Imperialism • The U.S. wanted international influence as a result of economic and military competition from other nations and a feeling of superiority. • Imperialism isthe economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker nations. • New Imperialismis the development of European nations expanding their power overseas.

4. Building Support for Imperialism • European factories depended on raw materials from all over the world. • European nations exerted control over territories that served their interests.

5. Building Support for Imperialism • Some areas became colonies while others became protectorates. • The imperial power allowed local rulers to remain in control while protecting them against rebellion and invasion. • Local rulers had to accept advice from the Europeans on how to govern their country.

6. Building Support for Imperialism • Americans wanted to develop overseas markets to keep the economy strong. • John Fiske wrote about “Anglo-Saxonism,” the idea that the English-speaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of government and were destined to dominate the planet. • Josiah Strong linked missionary work to Anglo-Saxonism, convincing many Americans to support imperialism. John Fiske

7. Expansion in the Pacific • Americans hoped to trade with China and Japan. • Japan only allowed trade with the Chinese and the Dutch. • In 1852, President Pierce ordered Commodore Matthew C. Perry to travel to Japan to negotiate a trade treaty. • In 1854, the Japanese signed a treaty opening two ports to American trade. Matthew C. Perry

8. Expansion in the Pacific • By the 1890s, Japan had a powerful navy and had set out to build an empire in Asia. • During an 1872 recession in Hawaii, the U.S. exempted Hawaiian sugar from tariffs. • When the treaty came up for renewal, the Senate insisted that Hawaii give the U.S. exclusive rights to a naval base at Pearl Harbor.

9. Expansion in the Pacific • The trade treaty led to a boom in the Hawaiian sugar industry. • The McKinley Tariff in 1890 gave subsidies to sugar producers in the United States, causing the sale of Hawaiian sugar to decline. • As a result, the Hawaiian economy also declined.

10. Expansion in the Pacific • In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani became the queen of Hawaii. • She disliked the influence of American settlers in Hawaii. • She unsuccessfully tried to impose a new constitution that reasserted her authority. • In 1893, a group of planters, supported by U.S. Marines, forced the queen to give up her power. • The group of planters set up a temporary government and asked the U.S. to annex the islands.

11. Trade and Diplomacy in Latin America • In the 1800s, the U.S. wanted to increase the sale of American products in Latin America. • Secretary of State James G. Blaine led early efforts to expand American influence in Latin America. • He proposed that the U.S. and Latin America work together, an idea called Pan-Americanism.

12. Trade and Diplomacy in Latin America • In 1889, the first Pan-American conference was held in Washington, D.C. • The goals of the conference were to create: • a customs union between Latin America and the U.S. • a system for American nations to work out their disputes peacefully. • The Latin Americans rejected both ideas.

13. Trade and Diplomacy in Latin America • The Latin Americans rejected both ideas. • They agreed to create the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics. • It was an organization that worked to promote cooperation among the Western nations. • Today, it is called the Organization of American States (OAS).

14. Building a Modern Navy • Americans supported a large modern navy to defend American interests overseas. • Captain Alfred T. Mahan of the U.S. Navy published a book called The Influence of Seapower Upon History, 1660–1783. • He believed that a nation needed a large navy to protect its merchant ships and to defend its right to trade. • He felt it necessary to acquire territory overseas for naval bases.

15. Building a Modern Navy • Senators Henry Cabot Lodge and Albert J. Beveridge pushed for the construction of a new navy. • By the late 1890s, the U.S. was becoming one of the best naval powers in the world. • In the spring of 1898, war began between Spain and the United States. Henry Cabot Lodge

16. 17.2 The Spanish-American War

17. 17.2 The Spanish American War • The Coming of War • A War on Two Fronts • An American Empire is Born

18. The Coming of War • Cuba’s sugarcane plantation provided wealth for Spain. • In 1868, Cuban rebels declared independence and began attacking the Spanish. • After the attack failed, the rebels fled to the U.S.

19. The Coming of War • José Martíwas an exiled Cuban rebel. • He fled to New York City to raise money to purchase weapons and train troops to invade Cuba. • In 1894, the U.S. imposed new tariffs on sugar, which devastated the Cuban economy.

20. The Coming of War • Martí and his followers • began a new rebellion in February 1895. • seized control of eastern Cuba • declared its independence • set up the Republic of Cuba in September 1895. • At the start of the Cuban revolution, Americans were neutral.

21. The Coming of War • William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer’sNew York World persuaded Americans to support the rebels. • They began to use yellow journalism to exaggerate stories of Spanish attacks on Cubans. • The Cuban rebels destroyed American property, hoping to get America involved.

22. The Coming of War • General ValerianoWeyler served as governor of Cuba. • He killed tens of thousands of Cubans by sending them to reconcentration camps. • This led Americans to call for intervention in the war.

23. The Coming of War • The Spanish ambassador to the U.S., Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, wrote a letter, describing McKinley as weak and seeking admiration of Americans. • The New York Journal printed the letter, which enraged Americans.

24. The Coming of War • In February 1898, the U.S.S.Maine in Cuba exploded and killed 266 American sailors. • No one knows why the ship exploded. • Many Americans blamed Spain. • McKinley did not want to intervene in the war.

27. The Coming of War • Jingoism was very strong among Republicans. • In 1898, McKinley eventually authorized Congress to declare war on Spain.

29. You’re the Historian!Who Sank the Maine? • Read pages 534-535. • On a separate sheet of paper, write the question and answer to the three questions under “Understanding the Issue.”

30. A War on Two Fronts • The U.S. Navy blockaded Cuba. • The navy also attacked the Spanish fleet in the Philippines–a Spanish colony. • In May 1898, Commodore George Dewey destroyed Spanish warships in Manila Bay in the Philippines.

31. A War on Two Fronts • The Americans also seized Guam from the Spanish. • The American army was untrained and unequipped. • More Americans died in from the poor conditions in camp than in battle.

32. A War on Two Fronts • In June, American troops advanced toward Santiago Harbor in Cuba. • They attacked El Caney and San Juan Heights. • The “Rough Riders” led by Colonel Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt fought in the battle.

34. A War on Two Fronts • Both attacks were American victories. • The all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments fought with the Rough Riders. • The Spanish surrendered Santiago. • On August 12, 1898, Spain and the U.S. agreed to a cease-fire.

36. An American Empire is Born • Many Americans supported annexing the Philippines because it would provide: • a naval base in Asia • a stopover on the way to China • a large market for American goods • the ability to teach “less civilized” peoples.

37. An American Empire is Born • On December 10, 1898, the U.S. and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris. • Cuba became an independent country. • The U.S. acquired Puerto Rico and Guam and paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines. • This treaty made the U.S. an imperial power.

38. An American Empire is Born • Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino, attacked Americans stationed in the Philippines. • American General Arthur MacArthur set up reconcentration camps where thousands of Filipinos died. • William Howard Taft was the first U.S. civilian governor of the Philippines.

39. An American Empire is Born • He introduced reforms in education, transportation, and health care to win over the people. • These reforms slowly lessened Filipino hostility toward Americans. • By April 1902, all Filipino resistance stopped.

40. An American Empire is Born • In 1946 the U.S. granted the Philippines independence. • In 1900, the Foraker Act made Puerto Rico an unincorporated territory. • Congress gradually allowed the people a degree of self-government. • In 1917, Puerto Ricans were made American citizens.

41. An American Empire is Born • In 1947, the island elected its own governor. • Today, the debate continues on whether to: • grant Puerto Rico • statehood grant independence • remain a Commonwealth of the U.S. • After the war, the U.S. set up a military government in Cuba.

42. An American Empire is Born • The Platt Amendment specified that • (1) Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that would weaken its power or allow another foreign power to gain territory in Cuba; • (2) Cuba had to allow the United States to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba; • (3) Cuba’s debts had to be kept low to prevent foreign countries from landing troops to enforce payment; and • (4) the United States would have the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order.

43. An American Empire is Born • Cuba reluctantly accepted the Amendment. • It was repealed in 1934.

44. 17.2 Quiz A • What is the nickname of the group of soldiers that was led by Colonel Wood and Theodore Roosevelt? • What is the name of the first U.S. civilian governor of the Phillippines? (Hint: He later became president.) • What was Cuba’s reaction to the Platt Amendment? • Name two journalists discussed in class known for yellow journalism.

45. 17.3 New American Diplomacy

46. 17.3 New American Diplomacy • Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power • American Diplomacy in Asia • A Growing Presence in the Pacific

47. Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power • In the 1900 election, McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan. • On September 6, 1901, Leon Czolgosz shot McKinley, who died a few days later. • Theodore Roosevelt was the vice president. • He became the youngest person to become president. • He wanted the U.S. to become a world power. Above:LeonCzolgoszBelow: Theodore Roosevelt

49. American Diplomacy in Asia • Between 1895 and 1900, American exports to China quadrupled. • In 1894 China and Japan fought over what is now Korea. • Japan won. • China gave Korea independence and Japan territory in Manchuria. • China was weaker than people had thought.

50. American Diplomacy in Asia • Japan had successfully adopted Western technology. • Japan’s power worried Russia. • Russia forced Japan to give Manchuria back and later made China lease it to Russia.