1 / 55

Unit 11: Acid-Base Equilibrium Chapter 16 and 17

Unit 11: Acid-Base Equilibrium Chapter 16 and 17. Problem Set Chapter 16: 17, 21, 37, 43, 45, 61, 65, 69, 77, 79, 101, 107 Chapter 17: 19, 23, 27, 31, 41, . Write the Formula. Name the Acid. nitric acid hydrofluoric acid hydrobromic acid chloric acid acetic acid carbonic acid

bishop
Download Presentation

Unit 11: Acid-Base Equilibrium Chapter 16 and 17

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Unit 11: Acid-Base EquilibriumChapter 16 and 17 Problem Set • Chapter 16: 17, 21, 37, 43, 45, 61, 65, 69, 77, 79, 101, 107 • Chapter 17: 19, 23, 27, 31, 41,

  2. Write the Formula • Name the Acid • nitric acid • hydrofluoric acid • hydrobromic acid • chloric acid • acetic acid • carbonic acid • tetraboric acid • (tetraborate = B4O72-) • HCl • H2S • H3PO4 • HI • HNO2 • H3P • H2SO4 WarmUp

  3. Write the Formula • Name the Acid • nitric acid • hydrofluoric acid • hydrobromic acid • chloric acid • acetic acid • carbonic acid • tetraboric acid • (tetraborate = B4O72-) • HCl • H2S • H3PO4 • HI • HNO2 • H3P • H2SO4 WarmUp

  4. Arrhenius Definition • Acids produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solution. • Bases produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. • Limits to aqueous solutions. • Only one kind of base. • NH3 ammonia could not be an Arrhenius base.

  5. Bronsted-Lowry Definitions • And acid is an proton (H+) donor and a base is a proton acceptor. • Acids and bases always come in pairs. • HCl is an acid.. • When it dissolves in water it gives its proton to water. • HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+ + Cl- • Water is a base makes hydronium ion

  6. Neutralization Reactions • Remember: Acid + Base → Water + Salt • The salt’s name and formula will be based off of the cation of the base and the anion of the acid • Example: HCl + NaOH ↔ H2O + NaCl • Neutralization reactions are one way that is used to produce pure salts. • Amphoteric Substances: can act as either an acid or a base

  7. Titration • Method used to perform neutralization and to determine concentrations of an unknown acid or base. • Titrant – added standard solution • End Point – indicator color change • Equivalence Point – [H+] = [OH-]

  8. Acid Base Calculations • In neutral solutions, [H+] and [OH-] are equal • [H+] = [OH-] = 1 x 10-7 M • For other solutions, when [H+] increases, then [OH-] will decrease and vise versa • [H+] x [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 • Kw = [H+] x [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 • This is the Ion-Product Constant for Water • Acidic Solutions: [H+] > [OH-] • Basic Solutions: [H+] < [OH-]

  9. Using pH Scale • pH: Power of Hydrogen • pH = 7 Neutral [H+] = 1 x 10-7 • pH < 7 Acidic [H] > 1 x 10-7 • pH > 7 Basic [H+] = 1 x 10-7 • pH = -log [H+] • Example Calculate pH if [H+] = 1 x 10-7 M pH = -log (1 x 10-7 M) = -(log 1 + log 10-7) = -(0 +(-7)) pH = 7 * The exponent shows you the pH!*

  10. The pOH Scale • pOH : Power of Hydroxide • pOH = 7 Neutral[OH-] = 1 x 10-7 • pOH < 7 Basic [OH-] > 1 x 10-7 • pOH > 7 Acidic [OH-] < 1 x 10-7 • pOH = -log [OH-] *Same process as before, only now you are dealing with [OH-] Other Key Equations • pH + pOH = 14 • pH = 14 – pOH • pOH = 14 – pH

  11. Calculations: Complete the following chart

  12. How do we know if something is a strong or weak acid/base? We must calculate a value for the ionic dissociation for that substance. ACID Ka = acid dissociation constant: the ratio of the concentration of the dissociated form of the acid to the concentration of the undissociated form. BASE Kb = base dissociation constant: the ratio of the product of the conjugate acid and OH concentrations to the concentration of the conjugate base

  13. Strong and Weak Acids and Bases • Dependent on how they dissolve in water • Strong Acids completely ionize in aqueous solutions • Weak acids only partially ionize in aqueous solutions • Strong bases dissociate completely into metal ions and hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions • Weak bases react with water to form OH and the conjugate acid of the base **Memorize Strong Acids and Bases**

  14. Memorize the 8 strong acids… all others are weak • HCl hydrochloric acid • HNO3 nitric acid • HBrhydrobromic acid • HIO4 periodic acid • HI hydroiodic acid • H2SO4 sulfuric acid • HClO4 perchloric acid • HClO3 chloric acid

  15. Writing the Ka Expression • Example HCl + H2O ↔ H3O+ + Cl- • First you need to write a Keq expression • Second, water can be eliminated because its concentration is a constant. • Write the Ka expression for this acid: CH3COOH + H2O ↔ H3O+ + CH3COO-

  16. Significance of Ka • Ka indicated the fraction of acid in the ionized form • Weak acids have small Ka values • Strong acids have large Ka values because their ionization is more complete

  17. Writing the Kb Expression • Example NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+ + OH- • Remember: • Kb tells us how weak bases compete for OH- from strong bases • The smaller the value for Kb, the weaker the base

  18. Relationships • KW = [H+][OH-] • -log KW = -log([H+][OH-]) • -log KW = -log[H+]+ -log[OH-] • pKW = pH + pOH • KW = 1.0 x10-14 • 14.00 = pH + pOH • [H+],[OH-],pH and pOH Given any one of these we can find the other three.

  19. Example • Calculate the pH of 2.0 M acetic acid HC2H3O2 with a Ka 1.8 x10-5 • Calculate pOH, [OH-], [H+]

  20. A mixture of Weak Acids • The process is the same. • Determine the major species. • The stronger will predominate. • Bigger Ka if concentrations are comparable • Calculate the pH of a mixture 1.20 M HF (Ka = 7.2 x 10-4) and 3.4 M HOC6H5 (Ka = 1.6 x 10-10)

  21. Salt Hydrolysis • Most salt solutions are neutral, but some can be acidic or basic • Salts like sodium chloride and potassium sulfate are neutral WHY? • Neutral salts are made from strong acids and strong bases • Salt Hydrolysis – the cations or anions of the dissolved salt remove H+ from, or donate H+ to water • A solution is either acidic or basic based on H+ transfer.

  22. Salt Cations/Anions Effect on pH In water: • If cation and anion do not react, then pH = neutral • If cation does not react, but anion does, then hydroxide is produced, pH = basic • If cation reacts but anion does not, then H are produced, pH = acidic

  23. If both react: OH- and H3O+ both produced • Anions from strong acids will not change pH (ex: Br-) • Anions from a weak acid will increase pH (ex: CN-) • Cations from weak bases will decrease pH (ex: CH3NH3+) • Group 1A ions will increase pH • Group 2A ions will decrease pH

  24. What is the pH of a 0.140M solution of sodium acetate? C2H3O2- + HOH↔HC2H3O2 + OH- But what is Kb? KbxKa = Kw Kb = Kw/Ka = 1x10-14/1.8x10-5 Solve for x x = 8.77x10-6 =[OH-] pOH=5.06, pH = 8.94 so the solution is basic.

  25. The Common Ion Effect • When the salt with the anion of a weak acid is added to that acid, • It reverses the dissociation of the acid. • Lowers the percent dissociation of the acid. • The same principle applies to salts with the cation of a weak base.. • The calculations are the same as last chapter.

  26. Types of Acids • MonoproticAcied – one acidic hydrogen • PolyproticAcids- more than 1 acidic hydrogen (diprotic, triprotic). • Oxyacids - Proton is attached to the oxygen of an ion. • Organic acids contain the Carboxyl group -COOH with the H attached to O • Generally very weak. • H2SO3 ↔ H+ + HSO3- Ka1 = 1.7 x 10-2 • HSO3- ↔ H+ + SO32- Ka2 = 6.4 x 10-8 • Why is K smaller? • It is always easier to remove the first proton

  27. Structure and Acid-Base Properties • Any molecule with an H in it is a potential acid. • The stronger the X-H bond the less acidic (compare bond dissociation energies). • The more polar the X-H bond the stronger the acid (use electronegativities). • The more polar H-O-X bond -stronger acid.

  28. Strength of oxyacids • The more oxygen hooked to the central atom, the more acidic the hydrogen. • HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO • Remember that the H is attached to an oxygen atom. • The oxygens are electronegative • Pull electrons away from hydrogen

  29. Cl O H Strength of oxyacids Electron Density

  30. Cl O H Strength of oxyacids Electron Density O

  31. Cl O H Strength of oxyacids Electron Density O O

  32. Cl O H Strength of oxyacids Electron Density O O O

  33. Calculate the Concentration • Of all the ions in a solution of 1.00 M Arsenic acid H3AsO4 • Ka1 = 5.0 x 10-3 • Ka2 = 8.0 x 10-8 • Ka3 = 6.0 x 10-10

  34. Sulfuric acid is special • In first step it is a strong acid. • Ka2 = 1.2 x 10-2 • Calculate the concentrations in a 2.0 M solution of H2SO4 • Calculate the concentrations in a 2.0 x 10-3 M solution of H2SO4

  35. Highly charged metal ions pull the electrons of surrounding water molecules toward them. Make it easier for H+ to come off. Hydrated metals H O Al+3 H

  36. Acid-Base Properties of Oxides • Non-metal oxides dissolved in water can make acids. • SO3 (g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq) • Ionic oxides dissolve in water to produce bases. • CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq)

  37. Lewis Acids and Bases • Most general definition. • Acids are electron pair acceptors. • Bases are electron pair donors. F H B F :N H F H

  38. Lewis Acids and Bases • Boron triflouride wants more electrons. F H B F :N H F H

  39. Lewis Acids and Bases • Boron triflouride wants more electrons. • BF3 is Lewis base NH3 is a Lewis Acid. H F F H B N F H

  40. ) ) 6 Lewis Acids and Bases ( H Al+3 + 6 O H +3 ( H Al O H

  41. Buffers • Solutions in which the pH remains relatively constant when small amounts of acid of base are added. • Acidic Buffer – composed of a weak acid and one of its salts • Basic Buffer – composed of a weak base and one of its salts • Buffer Capacity – the amount of acid or base that can be added to a buffer solution before a significant change in pH occurs

  42. Buffers have the ability to acquire or give a way a H+, which allows it to maintain a standard pH • Example: Ethanoic Acid/Ethanoate system (Acetic Acid / Acetate) CH3COO- + H+ ↔ CHCOOH CH3COOH + OH- ↔ CHCOO- + H2O Both reactions occur simultaneously to maintain pH

  43. pH of Buffers • To determine pH of Buffers, we use the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation • Calculate the pH of a solution that is .50 M HAc and .25 M NaAc (Ka = 1.8 x 10-5)

  44. Calculate the pH of the following mixtures • 0.75 M lactic acid (HC3H5O3) and 0.25 M sodium lactate (Ka = 1.4 x 10-4) • 0.25 M NH3 and 0.40 M NH4Cl(Kb = 1.8 x 10-5)

  45. Titration Curves

  46. Strong acid with strong Base • Equivalence at pH 7 7 pH mL of Base added

  47. Weak acid with strong Base • Equivalence at pH >7 >7 pH mL of Base added

  48. Strong base with strong acid • Equivalence at pH 7 7 pH mL of Base added

  49. Weak base with strong acid • Equivalence at pH <7 <7 pH mL of Base added

  50. Summary • Strong acid and base just stoichiometry. • Determine Ka, use for 0 mL base • Weak acid before equivalence point • Stoichiometry first • Then Henderson-Hasselbach • Weak acid at equivalence point Kb • Weak base after equivalence - leftover strong base.

More Related