Monthly Current Affairs 2025 Plutus IAS

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com JANUARY 2025 121

JANUARY 2025 CURRENT AFFAIRS CONTENTS Polity and Governance ...........................1 Mains Questions................................................17 • International Relations .........................18 • Constitutions day.........................................................1 ○ Background of Constitutions • “Strengthening Ties: A Comprehensive Overview of India-UK Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT)..............18 ○ When Constitution Day was started ○ Overview: India -UK ties BIT • Secular and Socialist: Inalienable Pillars of the Indian Constitution’s Structure.................................3 ○ What is the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) ○ Socialism in India ○ Significance of Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) ○ Ways to Uphold the Secular Principle of the Indian Constitution • India and Bangladesh: A Partnership for Regional Stability .......................................................................21 • Secularism: Inalienable Pillar of the Indian Constitution........................................................5 ○ India-Bangladesh cooperation ○ Significance of Bangladesh for India ○ Secularism in India • Syria’s Instability: Strategic Implications for In- dia................................................................................24 ○ Significance of Secularism in India • Indian Parliament the temple of democracy ......... ............................................................................7 ○ Brief History of the Syrian Civil War ○ India-Syria Bilateral Relations Over the Years ○ Composition of Indian Parliament ○ Impacts of Assad’s Ouster on India’s Interests in West Asia ○ Issues with Parliament disruptions ○ Impacts of parliament disruptions • India-Sri Lanka Relations: Opportunities and Chal- lenges................................................................27 • A Comparative Analysis of the Political Systems of India and France................................................10 ○ India - Srilanka Relationship evaluation ○ No-Confidence Motion ○ Significance of Srilanka for India ○ Comparison of Indian and French Political systems PRELIMS QUESTIONS.................................................30 • • RTI act vital in fostering a citizen-centric governance model: Dr Jitendra Singh....................................13 MAINS QUESTIONS....................................................31 • Economy ...............................................32 ○ RTI in India • The potential tourism sector to boost Indian economic...........................................................32 ○ RTI milestone in Achieving citizen-centric governance Prelims Questions.............................................16 • ○ Tourism sector India JANUARY 2025

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com ○ What are the key challenges faced by the Indian tourism sector Quality.....................................................................55 ○ What is Cloud Seeding • Fisheries economy............................................................34 in India: A lifeline for Indian ○ Limitations of Cloud Seeding • 5G Technology: Accelerating Innovation and Con- nectivity Worldwide ○ Government Schemes/Policies ○ Fishery sector is a lifeline for the Indian economy ○ Evolution of communications technology • A emerging twin crisis: Food insecurity and Energy poverty..............................................................37 ○ 4G and 5G Comparisons • Unlocking the Power of Nano Bubbles: A Revolution in Technology ○ Key Facts About Global Food Insecurity ○ Interconnectedness of energy and food ○ What is Nano Bubble Technology • Public Sector Banks: A Resurgent Force..............40 ○ How Nano Bubble Technology Cleans & Purifies Water ○ Major Achievement ○ Govt. Initiatives to strengthen PSBs PRELIMS QUESTIONS....................................................63 • PRELIMS QUESTIONS.................................................42 • MAINS QUESTIONS ........................................64 • MAINS QUESTIONS....................................................43 • Environment and Ecology ......................66 Science and Technology .........................44 • The Ground Beneath Us: Shaping the Future of Soil and Agriculture..................................................66 • “Empowering Innovation: The Role of the National Research Foundation (NRF)”...............................44 ○ Soil in India: Current Scenario ○ Structure of National Research Foundation ○ Government Scheme and Policies for Soil Conservation ○ Functions of the National Research Foundation • “Tackling the Plastic Crisis: A Global Call to Action”...............................................................70 ○ Limitations of NRF • “Advancing the Future: The Growth and Impact of Nanotechnology in India”...................................47 ○ Plastic pollution ○ Global plastic menace ○ Nanotechnology ○ Need for a global treaty on plastic ○ Challenges to Strengthening Nanotechnology in India • Fourth Global Coral Bleaching Event...................73 ○ Way Forward to Deepening Nanotechnology in India ○ Features of coral ○ Chronology of Four Major Mass Coral Bleaching Events • PMWANI,SATELLITE,COMMUNICATION,RADAR SYTSTEM ......................................................................50 ○ Causes of Mass Coral Bleaching ○ Products covered under the Ecomark scheme • Landslides in the Modern World: A Growing Envi- ronmental Challenge..........................................77 ○ Rules of Ecomarks ○ Challenges ○ What is a landslide • Cloud Seeding: A Viable Option for Improving Air ○ Contributing factors for landslides JANUARY 2025

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com • Electric vehicle (EV) technology: Greening the Transportation...................................................79 ○ Issues that need to be addressed ○ Solutions to address these Issues ○ Electric vehicle (EV) technology • Building the Future: Urbanization Strategies for Viksit Bharat by 2047.........................................99 ○ Government Policies and Schemes ○ Benefits of Electric Vehicles (EVs) ○ Urbanization Scenario in India • La Niña: The Blessing in Disguise for India’s Weather Patterns.............................................................83 ○ Significance of Urban Centres ○ Challenges Faced by Indian Cities ○ Features of La Niña • Breaking the Chains: Ending Child Marriage in India .........................................................................102 ○ Impacts of La Niña on Indian climate ○ Child Marriage Trends in India PRELIMS QUESTIONS................................................85 • ○ Government Initiatives to Reduce Child Marriages in India MAINS QUESTIONS...................................................87 • Security .................................................88 ○ Effective Ways to End Child Marriage in India • Digital Arrests: The Intersection of Technology and Criminal Justice”................................................88 • Empowering Minorities: Building Inclusive India!... .........................................................................106 ○ What is a digital arrest scam ○ Initiatives and Institutions for the Minority ○ Govt. initiatives to avoid such fraud ○ Ways to Empower Minorities in India • Strengthening National Security: Key Takeaways from the 59th All India Conference of Directors Generals/Inspector Generals of Police”..............91 PRELIMS QUESTIONS..................................... 108 • MAINS QUESTIONS ........................................ 109 • ○ State police service in India History and Culture ..............................110 ○ Role of police maintaining internal security • Enowned of freedom fighters of India: C. Rajagopal- achari and Subhramaniyam Baharti.................110 ○ Issues with the police force in India ○ C. Rajagopalachari • Terrorism: A Growing Challenge to Internal Security ............................................................................93 ○ Early Life and Education ○ Terrorism ○ Contributions of the Subramania Bharati to the national movement ○ Why terrorism is more Prelevant in Jammu & Kashmir PRELIMS QUESTIONS..................................... 113 • ○ What are the issues in counter-terrorism efforts PRELIMS QUESTIONS......................................95 MAINS QUESTIONS ........................................ 113 • • MAINS QUESTIONS.........................................96 • Prelims BITs .........................................114 Social Issues .........................................97 • PRELIMS BIT: IMPEACHMENT OF THE PRESIDENT... ........................................................................114 • Empowering Youth for a Developed India: Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue.........................97 ○ South Korean president impeachment procedure ○ Government initiatives to empower youth ○ Indian president impeachment procedure JANUARY 2025

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com • PRELIMS BIT: REMOVAL OF THE JUDGES OF THE HIGH- ER JUDICIARY...................................................116 ANSWER 146 ○ Procedure for Removal of Judges of Higher Judiciary ○ Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 ○ Past Removal Attempts PRELIMS QUESTIONS..................................... 119 • • UESTION ....................................................143 JANUARY 2025

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 4. Drafting Process August 29, 1947: Drafting Committee was formed, chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. November 4, 1947: The first draft of the Constitution was presented to the Assembly. Debates: Extensive discussions held over 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days across 11 sessions. CONSTITUTIONS DAY WHY IN THE NEWS? The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, today greeted the nation on the occasion of Constitution Day and the 75th anniversary of the Constitution. 5. Adoption of the Constitution (1949) November 26, 1949: Constitution was adopted, marking this day as Constitution Day. Significance: Declared India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic. Background of Constitutions: 1. Formation of the Constituent Assembly (1946) Cabinet Mission Plan (1946): Proposed the formation of a Constituent Assembly to draft the Indian Constitution. Elections (July 1946): Members were elected indirectly by provincial legislatures. Composition: Initially, 389 members, later reduced to 299 after the partition of India in 1947. 6. Commencement of the Constitution (1950) January 26, 1950: The Constitution came into ef- fect, chosen to honour the 1930 Purna Swaraj Dec- laration. Key Outcomes: India became a Republic with Dr Ra- jendra Prasad as its first President. 2. First Meeting of the Constituent Assembly December 9, 1946: First session held under the temporary chairmanship of Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha. December 11, 1946: Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the permanent Chairman. December 13, 1946: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru moved the Objectives Resolution, outlining the guiding principles for the Constitution. 3. Partition and Reorganization (1947) June 3, 1947: The Mountbatten Plan proposed the partition of India. August 15, 1947: India gained independence; the Constituent Assembly became the sovereign legislative body for India. When Constitution Day was started: The Government of India has announced the start JANUARY 2025 1

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 7. 99th Constitutional Amendment (CAA): The 99th Amendment (2014) sought to establish the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) for judicial appointments, but the Supreme Court struck it down, reaffirming the collegium system it uphold the constitutional principle. play crucial roles in upholding constitutional values, ensuring democracy, and protecting individual rights. As we mark 75 years, we honour the framers’ foresight and reaffirm our commitment to a democratic, just, and inclusive India. Secular and Socialist: In- alienable Pillars of the Indian Constitution’s Structure UPHOLDING CONSTITUTIONAL VALUES: 1. Separation of Powers: The Constitution ensures a clear division of authority among the Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary to prevent any branch from exceeding its power. WHY IN THE NEWS? The Supreme Court of India recently upheld the inclusion of the terms “secular” and “socialist” in the Preamble of the Constitution, declaring them an inalienable part of its structure. The decision came while dismissing petitions filed in 2020 that challenged their addition through the 42nd Constitu- tion Amendment Act, 1976. The petitioners argued that the terms were inserted retrospectively and alleged they restricted economic policy choices and contradicted the Constituent Assembly’s intentions. However, the Court reaffirmed Parliament’s authority to amend the Constitution under Article 368 and emphasized its status as a living document, adaptable to evolving societal needs. 2. Dignity and Article 21: Article 21 protects the right to life and personal liberty, ensuring individuals can live with dignity, with the judiciary expanding this right to include privacy and a clean environment. 3. Procedure and DPSP: The procedure established by law ensures fair treatment, while the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) guide the state in fostering social justice, though non- justiciable. 4. Constitutional emphasizes acting in accordance with the Constitution’s values—justice, equality, and freedom—beyond temporary political interests. Morality: This principle 5. Citizens’ Role Against Tyranny: Citizens uphold constitutional values by holding the government accountable through voting, protests, and legal challenges. 6. Judiciary as Guardian: The judiciary protects the Constitution by ensuring that laws and government actions adhere to constitutional principles, safeguarding rights and justice. CONCLUSION: The Indian Constitution, celebrated on Constitution Day (November 26), is a living framework that evolves with the nation, balancing justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Over 75 years, it has navigated complex legal and political challenges, adapting through landmark cases like Kesavananda Bharati and debates on DPSP vs. Fundamental Rights. Citizens, the judiciary, and the state executive SOCIALISM IN INDIA: Definition: According to the Apes Court, Socialismembodies a Republic committed to eradicating all forms of exploitation—social, political, and economic—while promoting equity and justice. JANUARY 2025 3

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 2. Inclusive Development: Ensures representation and development of marginalized and weaker sections of society. Policies like Reservation, PMAY, and NFSA 2013 promote inclusive development by ensuring opportunities for marginalized communities, affordable housing, and food security, aligning with India’s socialist goals. 3. Economic Stability: Encourages balanced economic policies that cater to both public welfare and private enterprise. Policies like Industrial Policy Resolution (mixed economy), PDS (food security), PMJDY (financial inclusion). FEATURES OF SOCIALISM IN INDIA 4. Constitutional Mandate: Embedded in the Preamble and reinforced through Articles that safeguard economic and social rights. The establishment of the national commissions for SC, ST, and CBC stemmed from the idea of socialism. 1. Welfare State: The Indian Constitution commits to functioning as a welfare state, ensuring social justice and the upliftment of all citizens. 2. Mixed Economy: India adopts a mixed economy model, allowing the coexistence of both public and private sectors for economic development. CHALLENGES TO INDIAN SOCIALISM 3. Equity and Justice: Focus on reducing economic and social inequalities, eliminating exploitation in all forms. 1. Economic disparities despite welfare policies. There is a growing gap between the rich and the poor due to inadequate implementation of redistributive measures. Inequalities: Persistent wealth 4. Democratic Approach: Socialism in India does not align strictly with Marxist ideology but promotes democratic socialism, ensuring freedom of enterprise while safeguarding citizens’ rights. 2. Unemployment and Poverty: High unemployment rates and widespread poverty hinder the realization of socialism’s goals—limited access to basic resources like education, healthcare, and housing for marginalized communities. 5. Economic Flexibility: The term “socialist” does not mandate adherence to a specific economic structure, allowing successive governments to design policies according to the people’s needs. 3. Regional Disparities: Uneven economic develo pment among states undermines the principle of equitable growth. SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCIALISM IN INDIA 4. Privatization and Liberalization: The shift toward market-driven policies dilutes the focus on welfare. The rising influence of private players reduces state control in key sectors, impacting public welfare. 1. Social Justice: Promotes equitable distribution of resources to bridge the gap between rich and poor. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005: Provides guaranteed employment to rural households, reducing income disparities. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: Protects marginalized groups from exploitation and ensures social equality. 5. Corruption and Governance Issues: Mismana gement and corruption in welfare schemes lead to inefficiencies. Lack of accountability erodes public trust in state institutions. JANUARY 2025 4

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 6. Social Discrimination: Caste, gender, and community-based discrimination continue to challenge social justice. works responsibly, with regulations to ensure social responsibility (e.g., Corporate Social Responsibility), ensuring businesses contribute to equitable and sustainable development. WAYS TO UPHOLD THE SOCIALIST PRINCIPLE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION CONCLUSION 1. Policies for Vulnerable Sections (e.g., Women): Implementing measures such as one-third reservation for women in local bodies, education, and employment ensures equal participation and empowerment, promoting social justice for marginalized groups. The inclusion of “secular” and “socialist” in the Preamble reflects India’s commitment to ensuring equality among its diverse population while promoting social welfare. The Supreme Court’s interpretations reinforce these values as essential components of constitutional governance. 2. Upholding Constitutional Mandates (National Commissions): Strengthening national commissions like the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Minorities, and Women, ensuring their recommendations and rights are actively supported by the government. Secularism: Inalienable Pillar of the Indian Constitution WHY IN THE NEWS? The Supreme Court of India recently upheld the inclusion of the terms “secular” and “socialist” in the Preamble of the Constitution, declaring them an inalienable part of its structure. The decision came while dismissing petitions filed in 2020 that challenged their addition through the 42nd Constitution Amendment Act, 1976. The petitioners argued that the terms were inserted retrospectively and alleged they restricted economic policy choices and contradicted the Constituent Assembly’s intentions. However, the Court reaffirmed Parliament’s authority to amend the Constitution under Article 368 and emphasized its status as a living document, adaptable to evolving societal needs. 3. Support to Public Sector for Regional Development: Fostering growth through public sector enterprises in key industries (e.g., coal, steel, energy) to drive regional development and reduce disparities, especially in rural and economically backward areas. 4. Policies to Reduce Poverty (e.g., National Food Security Act): The National Food Security Act (NFSA) ensures subsidized food grains for the poor, combating hunger and malnutrition, contributing to reducing poverty and ensuring economic equality. 5. Support to Poor and Marginalized Groups (e.g., Farmers through PM Kisan Scheme): Providing direct income support through schemes like PM Kisan for farmers, and welfare initiatives for daily wage workers, ensures social security and reduces economic vulnerabilities. SECULARISM IN INDIA: Definition: According to the Apes Court, Secularism signifies a Republic that ensures equal respect for all religions, fostering harmony and non- discrimination in a multi-faith society. 6. Equal Opportunities for All Sections of Society: Policies such as reservation in education and jobs, along with social security schemes, provide equal opportunities for backward classes, SC/ STs, OBCs, and economically disadvantaged groups, fostering inclusivity. 7. Responsible Capitalism for Inclusive Growth: Encouraging a mixed economy where capitalism JANUARY 2025 5

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com FEATURES OF SECULARISM IN INDIA 2. Political Misuse of Religion: Religion is often used as a tool for vote-bank politics, leading to biased governance. 1. Equal Respect for All Religions: The State treats all religions with equal regard and ensures no discrimination based on faith. 3. Rise of Religious Extremism: Fundamentalist groups and intolerance towards differing beliefs challenge the secular ethos. 2. No State Religion: India has no official religion, maintaining a neutral stance towards all faiths. 4. Inequality in Religious Practices: Unequal state intervention in religious practices and institutions creates a perception of bias. Issues like personal laws for different communities lead to debates on uniformity and fairness. 3. Freedom of Religion: Articles 25 to 28 of the Constitution guarantee the right to profess, practice, and propagate any religion. 4. Non-Discrimination: Articles 14, 15, and 16 prohibit discrimination on religious grounds and guarantee equality before the law. 5. Judicial Interpretation Challenges: Conflicting interpretations of secularism sometimes result in ambiguities, affecting policy-making. 5. Protection of Religious Minorities: Ensures rights and safeguards for religious minorities to preserve their cultural identity and practices. 6. Social Exclusion: Marginalization of certain communities despite constitutional safeguards highlights implementation gaps. SIGNIFICANCE OF SECULARISM IN INDIA 1. Unity in Diversity: Promotes harmony in a multi-religious society, ensuring peaceful coexistence. Indian constitution guarantees equal rights to all citizens of India irrespective of his/her religion. 7. Media and Misinformation: Media narratives and fake news often exacerbate religious tensions, creating challenges for secularism. WAYS TO UPHOLD THE SECULAR PRINCIPLE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION 2. Safeguards Democratic Values: Upholds principles of equality, liberty, and fraternity. The secularism in India treats every religion in In- dia as an equal religion 1. Government Responsibility: Impartial Governance: The government must act impartially, upholding the law and ensuring that no religion is favored or discriminated against in public policy or administration. This ensures equal treatment for all citizens. 3. Prevention of Communal Conflicts: Limits religious interference in state matters, promoting national integration. 4. Constitutional Ethos: Reflects the fundamental principles of the Indian Constitution, fostering an inclusive society. 2. Judiciary: Protecting Minority Rights: The judiciary should actively protect the rights of minorities through prompt and fair decision- making. Recent Supreme Court guidelines, such as on “bulldozer justice,” set a positive precedent for safeguarding constitutional values of justice and equality. 5. Dynamic Interpretation: India has evolved its secular model, balancing freedom of religion with the State’s responsibility to uphold equality and justice for all. CHALLENGES TO INDIAN SECULARISM 3. People’s Role: Fostering Brotherhood: Every citizen has the fundamental duty, as outlined in the Constitution, to promote fraternity, respect for diversity, and the brotherhood of all individuals, regardless of religion, ensuring social harmony. 1. Religious Polarization: Increasing communal tensions and political exploitation of religion undermine secular values. Growing divide between communities due to misinformation and prejudices. JANUARY 2025 6

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 4. Fourth Pillar of Democracy: Responsible Media: The media must be responsible in its role, avoiding the spread of misinformation or divisive narratives related to specific religious or social communities. Media should promote understanding, tolerance, and secularism. COMPOSITION OF INDIAN PARLIAMENT: 1. Lok Sabha (House of the People) Composition: The Lok Sabha is the lower house of Parliament. It consists of: 545 Members (Maximum, as per the Constitution): 530 Members representing States. 13 Members representing Union Territories. 2 Members from the Anglo-Indian community (though this provision has been removed by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Members are directly elected by the people through general elections using a first-past-the-post system. Term: Lok Sabha members serve for a 5-year term, after which fresh elections are held. Presiding Officer: The Speaker, elected from among the members. 5. Political Parties: Reducing Polarization: The effective implementation of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RPA) is essential to curb the use of religion in politics. Political parties should focus on development and governance, not on religious polarization for electoral gain. Act, 2019). 6. Religious Leaders: Promoting Interfaith Dia- logue: Religious leaders must engage in interfaith dialogues, promoting mutual respect and understanding. This fosters a culture of peace and tolerance, ensuring that religion remains a private matter, not a source of division. 2. Rajya Sabha (Council of States) Composition: The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of Parliament. It consists of: 245 Members (Maximum): 233 Members elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies and by members of the Legislative Assemblies of the Union Territories, through a single transferable vote. 12 Members were nominated by the President for their contributions to the arts, literature, science, and social services. Term: Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a 6-year term. One-third of its members retire every two years, ensuring continuity. Presiding Officer: The Vice President of India is the ex- officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. In his absence, a Deputy Chairman is elected. CONCLUSION The inclusion of “secular” and “socialist” in the Preamble reflects India’s commitment to ensuring equality among its diverse population while promoting social welfare. The Supreme Court’s interpretations reinforce these values as essential components of constitutional governance. 3. President of India Indian Parliament the temple of democracy Role: The President is the ceremonial head of state and is also an integral part of Parliament. The President is elected indirectly by the members of the Electoral College, consisting of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of States and Union Territories. WHY IN THE NEWS? In a breakthrough to end the logjam that had paralysed the Winter Session of Parliament, the government and the Opposition reached a consensus on holding a discussion on the Constitution in both Houses. SESSIONS OF PARLIAMENT: 1. Budget Session The Budget Session is the longest and most significant of the three, usually held from February to March. It begins with the President’s Address and includes the presentation of the Union Budget in the Lok Sabha, followed by debates in both Houses. Objective: The main goal is to discuss, debate, and approve the Union Budget, which outlines the gov- JANUARY 2025 7

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com ernment’s fiscal policies and priorities for the up- coming year. Parliamentary rules, special sessions can be called to focus on a particular agenda or address critical national matters. Activities: During this session, Members of Parlia- ment (MPs) review the budgetary proposals, suggest amendments, and engage in discussions aimed at ensuring transparency and accountability in fund allocation. Other legislative work is also carried out during this time. Objective: Special sessions often deal with specific events or urgent legislative needs, sometimes relating to national emergencies or important constitutional discussions. Examples: In the past, special sessions have been convened for important events, such as the India- China war in 1962 or the India-Pakistan conflict in 1971. 2. Monsoon Session The Monsoon Session typically occurs between July and August, named after the monsoon season. This session primarily focuses on legislation, allowing MPs to introduce new bills, debate existing ones, and vote on their passage. IMPORTANCE OF PARLIAMENT’S SMOOTH FUNCTIONING: 1. Law Making: Parliament makes laws that affect everyone. When it works smoothly, laws are passed on time to address the country’s needs and problems. Objective: In addition to legislative functions, the Monsoon Session addresses various national issues, providing a platform for the government to present its views and for the opposition to raise concerns. 2. Government Accountability: Parliament holds the government accountable. MPs can ask questions, raise issues, and demand answers, ensuring the government works transparently and honestly. Activities: MPs debate and vote on proposed laws while also discussing national issues, often leading to extensive deliberations on pressing matters. 3. Winter Session 3. Representation of People: Parliament is where the people’s concerns are voiced. MPs represent different regions, and a functioning Parliament ensures all views are heard and considered in decision-making. The Winter Session takes place between November and December, marking the final session of the calendar year. This session’s primary focus is on reviewing and evaluating the government’s policies and initiatives. 4. Policy and Development: Smooth functioning allows policies for national development—like education, health, and economy—to be dis- cussed, decided, and implemented effectively. Objective: The Winter Session allows MPs to critically assess the government’s performance and the effectiveness of its programs. 5. Crisis Management: In times of crisis (like war or natural disasters), Parliament can quickly make important decisions, ensuring the country responds well. Activities: New bills are introduced, pending legislation is debated, and government policies are scrutinized through questions, motions, and debates. 6. Checks and Balances: Parliament ensures no branch of government becomes too powerful. It keeps the executive (government) in check, protecting democratic values. 4. Special Session A Special Session is an exceptional event convened by the government outside the regular schedule to address urgent or significant issues. Although not specifically mentioned in the Constitution or 7. Public Trust: When Parliament works well, people trust the system more. This leads to better participation in the democratic process. JANUARY 2025 8

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 8. Economic Stability: Parliament approves the Union Budget and economic policies. Delays can disrupt financial planning, affecting businesses and citizens 6. Party Politics: When sensitive issues arise, the government may hesitate to debate them, prompting the opposition to disrupt parliamentary proceedings in protest. Since opposition members are usually backed by their parties in these actions, the threat of suspension or other disciplinary measures fails to deter them. ISSUES WITH PARLIAMENT DISRUPTIONS: 1. Controversial and Public Matters: Disruptions typically occur when discussing sensitive topics like the Farm Bills, which generated intense debates and division among MPs, leading to disorder during proceedings. The contentious nature of the Bills, particularly related to agricultural reforms, sparked widespread protests and opposition, further escalating tensions in Parliament. IMPACTS OF PARLIAMENT DISRUPTIONS: 1. Legislative Backlog: Ongoing disruptions in Par- liament have delayed the passage of critical legislation, hampering effective governance and postponing essential reforms. This impacts public welfare by preventing the timely implementation of key policies related to health, security, and economic growth. 2. Avoiding Accountability: The highest number of disruptions take place during Question Hour and Zero Hour when MPs ask questions directly to the government. While these disruptions are often blamed on the opposition, they can also be a strategy by the ruling party to avoid difficult questions or accountability. 2. Public Perception: Continuous disruptions have eroded public trust, as citizens expect elected representatives to address national issues. The focus on protests and disorderly conduct sug- gests that MPs prioritize political games over meaningful legislative work, diminishing faith in Parliament’s functionality 3. Insufficient Time for Unlisted Issues: Disruptions are sometimes caused by the lack of sufficient time to discuss matters not officially listed for the day’s agenda. MPs may resort to raising these unlisted issues, resulting in disruptions due to the absence of formal platforms to address them. 3. Economic Consequences: Delays in vital economic legislation create uncertainty for businesses and investors. The stalling of important reforms can slow growth, hinder job creation, and negatively impact market confidence, further delaying necessary investments in infrastructure and development. 4. Infrequent Use of Disciplinary Actions: The Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha have the authority to maintain order, but they rarely enforce disciplinary actions. This failure to apply consequences for disruptive behaviour encourages MPs to continue such actions without fear of punishment. 4. Weakening of Democratic Accountability: Fre- quent disruptions prevent crucial debates and scrutiny, undermining Parliament’s role in holding the government accountable. Without these checks, transparency suffers, and the quality of governance declines, leaving citizens dissatisfied with the political process. 5. Historical and Systemic Factors: A 2001 conference in Parliament identified several longstanding factors contributing to disruptions. MPs often feel frustrated by the limited time available to voice their concerns, which leads to dissatisfaction. The government’s unresponsive attitude, coupled with the confrontational approach of the ruling party, intensifies these tensions. 5. Erosion of Political Engagement: The persistent chaos in Parliament can lead to voter apathy, as citizens become disillusioned with the political process. When legislative bodies fail to function effectively, public interest in politics wanes, re- JANUARY 2025 9

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com sulting in lower voter turnout and diminished civic engagement, ultimately threatening the health of democracy. The smooth functioning of Parliament is crucial for a thriving democracy. Disruptions not only impede legislative progress but also harm the relationship between MPs and the public, undermining trust in democratic institutions. To move forward, Parliament must prioritize dialogue over conflict, enhance accountability mechanisms, and implement reforms that make the legislative process more efficient and transparent. This will enable it to fulfil its role of lawmaking, representing the people, and holding the government accountable, thereby contributing to national development and democratic stability. WAY FORWARD: 1. Promote Constructive Dialogue: Both government and opposition should engage in meaningful discussions instead of resorting to protests and disruptions. This would foster cooperation and resolve contentious issues through dialogue, ensuring smoother parliamentary proceedings. 2. Enforce Stronger Disciplinary Measures: The Speaker and Chairman should strictly enforce rules to discourage disruptive behaviour. Effec- tive consequences for unruly conduct would deter MPs from engaging in disorderly actions, helping maintain order and discipline. A Comparative Analysis of the Political Systems of India and France WHY IN THE NEWS? 3. Allocate Time for Critical Issues: Parliament should ensure adequate time is given to discuss unlisted but significant matters. This will allow MPs to address urgent concerns without resorting to disruptions, ensuring all voices are heard. The French government has collapsed following a no- confidence vote that ousted Prime Minister Michel Barnier just three months after his appointment by President Emmanuel Macron. MPs overwhelmingly supported the motion against Barnier, who had used special powers to push his budget through without a parliamentary vote, sparking controversy. This marks the first time since 1962 that the French government has fallen due to a no-confidence vote. The collapse adds to the political instability in France, which has been further complicated by the results of the summer snap elections, where no single party gained a majority in parliament 4. Strengthen Parliamentary Accountability: Both the ruling party and opposition must be held accountable for their actions in Parliament. Transparent processes to address grievances and criticism will help rebuild trust in parliamentary procedures and enhance responsiveness. 5. Reform Parliamentary Procedures: Efficient scheduling and the use of technology can streamline legislative debates. Reforms that enable timely scrutiny of bills and reduce delays will help Parliament function more effectively. 6. Engage the Public: Rebuilding public trust requires Parliament to prioritize the needs and concerns of citizens. Transparency in decision- making, outreach initiatives, and engaging citizens in the legislative process will strengthen democracy and encourage greater political participation. No-Confidence Motion: A no-confidence motion is a formal mechanism used in parliamentary systems to evaluate whether CONCLUSION JANUARY 2025 10

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com an executive, typically the head of government or the cabinet, retains the support of the majority in the legislature. It is a crucial constitutional element ensuring the accountability of the executive to the legislature. Gandhi faced the most (15), followed by Lal Bahadur Shastri and P. V. Narasimha Rao (3 each). 5. Notable Outcomes: Atal Bihari Vajpayee lost a motion by one vote (269–270) in April 1999. Prime Ministers Morarji Desai (1979), V. P. Singh, and H. D. Deve Gowda were removed via no-confidence motions. PURPOSE OF A NO-CONFIDENCE MOTION 1. Assess Fitness to Govern: Allows the legislature to determine if the executive is fit to continue holding office. 6. Recent Motions: Narendra Modi’s government faced no-confidence motions in 2018 and 2023, both of which failed. 2. Maintain Legislative Majority: Ensures the executive’s mandate is valid only if it has majority support in the legislative body. 7. Impact of Anti-Defection Law: Even with the Anti-Defection Law, no-confidence motions can succeed if more than one-third of the ruling party’s members defect. 3. Promote Accountability: Holds the executive responsible for its actions and policies before the representatives of the people. COMPARISON OF INDIAN AND FRENCH POLITICAL SYSTEMS 4. Remove or Reorganize the Government: If passed, the motion can lead to the resignation of the prime minister, individual ministers, or the entire cabinet. Key Contrasting features of the Indian and French political systems: 1. Head of State vs. Head of Government: In India, the President is primarily a ceremonial figure with limited powers, while the Prime Minister holds significant executive authority and is responsible for running the government. In contrast, France’s President possesses substantial powers, including appointing the Prime Minister and presiding over the Council of Ministers. This distinction highlights India’s parliamentary nature versus France’s semi- presidential system where both roles hold considerable influence. 5. Protect Democratic Principles: Prevents an executive from continuing in power without the confidence of the legislature, safeguarding the democratic process. Key Facts about the No-Confidence Motion in India: 1. Introduction in Lok Sabha Only: A no- confidence motion can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. It requires the support of at least 50 members for the Speaker to consider it. 2. Debate and Voting Process: The Speaker allows time for debate after admitting the motion. If the majority of members vote in favor, the motion is passed, and all ministers are expected to resign. 2. Political Parties and Multiparty System: India features a vibrant multiparty system with numerous regional parties alongside national ones like the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC). This diversity reflects India’s federal structure and regional identities. France also has multiple political parties but typically operates within a two- round electoral system that often leads to two dominant parties emerging in elections— historically represented by parties like La République En Marche! and The Republicans. 3. First No-Confidence Motion: Introduced by J. B. Kripalani against Jawaharlal Nehru’s government in August 1963, after the Sino- Indian War. 4. Historical Context: As of August 2023, 31 no- confidence motions have been moved. Indira JANUARY 2025 11

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 3. Federalism vs. Unitarism: India is a federal state where power is divided between central and state governments as outlined in its Constitution. Each state has its own government with legislative powers over certain subjects. Conversely, France operates under a unitary system where most powers reside with the central government; local authorities have limited autonomy compared to Indian states. levels of governance. In France, too there are accountability measures through parliamentary inquiries, but they tend to be less frequent than in India due to different political culture dynamics surrounding accountability practices. Similar Features of the Political Systems of India and France 1. Democratic Polity: Both India and France operate under democratic systems. India follows a parliamentary democracy where representatives are elected by the people, while France has a semi-presidential system with an elected president and parliament. In both systems, sovereignty resides with the citizens, exercised through regular elections. 4. Role of Religion in Politics: India’s political landscape is significantly influenced by religion due to its diverse population comprising various faiths such as Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, etc., leading to religious-based political parties like Shiv Sena or All India Muslim League historically influencing politics. In contrast, France maintains strict secularism (laïcité), separating religion from state affairs; this principle shapes French political discourse significantly. 2. Constitutional Framework: India’s governance is based on its 1950 Constitution, emphasizing justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. France’s Constitution of the Fifth Republic (1958) estab- lishes similar democratic values while reflecting its unique history. 5. Civil Society Engagement: Civil society plays an active role in both countries but manifests differently due to cultural contexts. In India, numerous NGOs advocate for social issues ranging from human rights to environmental concerns; however, they often face challenges regarding regulatory scrutiny from authorities. In France, civil society organizations are robustly integrated into policy discussions but operate within frameworks that emphasize public debate and civic engagement. 3. Bicameral Legislature: Both nations have bicameral legislatures. In India, the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha represent the two chambers, while in France, they are the National Assembly and Senate, with direct and indirect elections for their members. 4. Independent Judiciary: Both countries uphold judicial independence. India’s Supreme Court ensures constitutional compliance and fundamental rights, while France’s judiciary operates free from legislative or executive influence to maintain justice. 6. Electoral System Mechanics: India employs first-past-the-post voting for Lok Sabha elections which can lead to disproportional representation due to vote-splitting among multiple candidates in constituencies. Conversely, France uses a two- round system for legislative elections where if no candidate achieves an absolute majority in the first round, a second round occurs between top candidates, ensuring broader representation. 5. Coalition Politics: Multi-party systems in both nations often lead to coalition governments. In India, this is common at state and national levels, while in France, post-election alliances are formed to achieve a majority. 7. Political India, mechanisms such as parliamentary questions sessions allow MPs to hold ministers accountable directly during sessions; additionally, anti-corruption bodies exist though effectiveness varies widely across states and Accountability Mechanisms: In 6. Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity: These shared ideals shape both societies. India’s Constitution promotes unity in diversity and equality regardless of caste or creed, while France’s motto reflects its revolutionary ethos and commitment to civil rights. JANUARY 2025 12

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 7. Secularism: India’s secularism fosters harmony among diverse religions, treating all faiths equally, whereas France’s laïcité strictly sepa- rates religion from the state to ensure neutral- ity. Both approaches aim to protect freedoms and maintain social order. CONCLUSION: India and France, as democratic nations, share core principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity, reflected in their governance structures and societal values. However, their distinct historical trajectories have shaped contrasting political features, such as federalism versus unitarism and differing approaches to secularism and electoral mechanisms, demonstrating how democracies adapt to diverse cultural and historical contexts. RTI IN INDIA: The Right to Information (RTI) Act of 2005 is a transformative legislation in India that allows citizens to access information from public authorities, promoting government transparency, accountability, and responsiveness.Key Features of the RTI Act: 1. Access to Information: Citizens can request information from public authorities on matters of public interest, including government records, policies, and actions. RTI act vital in fostering a citizen-centric governance model: Dr Jitendra Singh 2. Public Authorities: The Act applies to central, state, and local governments, public sector enterprises, and NGOs funded by the government. WHY IN THE NEWS? 3. Time-Bound respond within 30 days (or 48 hours in cases involving life or liberty). Delayed responses allow for appeals. Response: Authorities must The 16th Annual Convention of the Central Information Commission at Bharat Mandapam by Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh. In his address, he highlighted the importance of the Right to Information (RTI) Act in promoting transparency, accountability, and good governance. The event, themed “Contribution of RTI in a journey towards Viksit Bharat,” underscored the government’s commitment to transparency, citing Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s principle of “Minimum Government, Maximum Governance” as a guiding force. The convention brought together Chief Information Commissioners, State Information Commissioners, senior government officials, and civil society representatives. was inaugurated 4. Exemptions: Certain information, such as national security-related details or matters impacting privacy and investigations, is exempt. However, information may still be disclosed if deemed in the public interest. 5. RTI Fees: A nominal fee (typically Rs. 10) is charged for filing applications, with additional costs for copies or printouts. 6. Appeals and Complaints: Dissatisfied citizens can appeal to a First Appellate Authority and, if unresolved, can approach the Central Information Commission Information Commissions. (CIC) or State JANUARY 2025 13

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 7. Information Commissions: These quasi-judicial bodies oversee RTI implementation, can order disclosures, and impose penalties for non- compliance. requests concerning life or liberty, the response time is reduced to 48 hours. 5. Written or Electronic Requests: Citizens can submit RTI requests in writing or electronically, allowing for greater convenience. accessibility and CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION COM- POSITION AND MEMBERS: 1. Appointment: Commission consists of a Chief Information Commissioner and up to ten Information Commissioners. They are appointed by the President of India based on recommendations from a committee, which includes the Prime Minister (Chairperson), the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister. The Central Information 6. Appeals: If a citizen is dissatisfied with the response from the Public Information Officer (PIO), they can appeal to the First Appellate Authority (FAA). If still unsatisfied, they can escalate the matter to the Information Commission at the state or central level. 7. Central/State Public Information Officer: The Central Public Information Officer (CPIO) or State Public Information Officer (SPIO) is designated to handle RTI requests, ensuring the effective implementation of the Act by providing the requested information or directing requests to the appropriate authorities. 2. Chief Information Commissioner (CIC): Ap- pointed by the President of India for a term of 3 years or until 65 years of age, the Chief Informa- tion Commissioner oversees the CIC and han- dles RTI appeals. RTI MILESTONE IN ACHIEVING CITIZEN-CEN- TRIC GOVERNANCE: 3. Information Commissioners: Up to 10 members assist the CIC, with a term of 3 years or until 65 years of age. 1. Empowering Citizens: The RTI Act empowers citizens to request information from public authorities, promoting transparency and accountability. With over 6 million RTI applications filed annually it encourages active public participation and ensures government actions are scrutinized, fostering a more informed citizenry. 4. Qualifications: Must be eminent in law, governance, or public administration. Must be impartial, with no political affiliations. KEY FEATURES OF THE RTI ACT: 1. Access to Information: Citizens can request information from any public authority, which encompasses government agencies, and government-funded NGOs. 2. Mining Activity in Meghalaya: RTI exposed illegal mining in Meghalaya, revealing environmental damage and prompting stricter regulations and government intervention. departments, 2. Transparency: The Act aims to enhance transparency in government ensuring that citizens are informed about governmental actions, decisions, and policies. operations, 3. Puja Khedkar - RTI Activist: Puja Khedkar used RTI to uncover fraud in government schemes, leading to the exposure of misappropriated funds and reforms to prevent corruption. 3. Accountability: It holds government bodies accountable to the public by mandating timely and accurate responses to information requests. 4. Delivery of Public Goods (PDS): RTI improved transparency in PDS, recovering over ₹200 crore of misallocated supplies in states like Rajasthan and Bihar, ensuring better food security. 4. Timely Response: Public authorities must respond to RTI requests within 30 days. For JANUARY 2025 14

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 5. Making Local to Central Officials Account- able: RTI holds officials accountable at all levels. In 2019, over 90,000 appeals were filed to the Central Information Commission, challenging non-disclosure of information. 7. Increased Use of Exemptions: Authorities have increasingly invoked exemptions like national security or foreign relations to avoid disclosing information, often without proper justification, limiting transparency. 6. Upholding Fundamental Rights: RTI ensures transparency in governance related to health, education, and welfare. The Supreme Court has upheld it as a key tool for protecting democratic rights. STRENGTHENING RTI: 1. Timely Appointments: Ensuring timely appointments of Information Commissioners at both central and state levels can reduce backlogs and improve the efficiency of the RTI process. STIFLING RTI OVER THE YEARS: 2. Restoring Independence: Reversing the amendments that reduced the tenure of Information Commissioners and gave the government more control over appointments would help preserve the independence of the Information Commis- sions, which is crucial for ensuring transparency and accountability. 1. Appointment and Tenure in Security (2019 Amendment): The 2019 amendment to the RTI Act reduced the tenure of Information Commissioners and gave the government more control over their appointments, weakening the independence of the RTI regime. 2. Delay appointment of Information Commissioners at central and state levels have created backlogs, causing slower responses and undermining the effectiveness of the RTI process. in Appointment: Delays in the 3. Improved Training and Staffing: Addressing the manpower shortages by increasing the number of trained staff within the Information Commissions would expedite the processing of RTI applications and appeals. 3. Misuse of Public Interest Provision: The public interest provision of the RTI Act has been misused to deny information under the guise of national security or public interest, limiting transparency. 4. Minimizing Misuse of Exemptions: Ensuring that exemptions under the RTI Act are used judiciously and not as a blanket excuse to deny information would enhance the Act’s transparency goals. 4. Manpower Shortages: The lack of adequate staff in the Information Commissions has led to significant delays in processing RTI requests and appeals, affecting the overall efficiency of the system. 5. Stronger Strengthening enforcement mechanisms and ensuring that penalties for non-compliance are effectively applied would reduce the tendency of public authorities to delay or withhold information. Enforcement and Penalties: 5. Denial of Information: Many government departments, including the Ministry of Home Affairs, have increasingly rejected RTI requests or provided incomplete information, restricting access to vital data. 6. Public Awareness Campaigns: Increasing public awareness about the RTI Act and its benefits can encourage more citizens to use the Act and hold public authorities accountable for their actions. 6. High Penalties for Non-Compliance: The imposition of hefty penalties on public authorities for non-compliance with RTI rules has led to a more defensive approach, with authorities either avoiding or delaying responses to requests 7. Digitization of RTI Processes: Digitizing the RTI filing and appeal processes can make it more accessible, reduce delays, and ensure greater transparency in handling requests. JANUARY 2025 15

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com CONCLUSION A. Only one B. Only two The RTI Act remains a powerful tool for ensuring government transparency and accountability. However, over the years, various challenges have emerged that threaten its effectiveness, including delays in appointments, misuse of exemptions, and staffing shortages. By addressing these issues and strengthening the legal and procedural frameworks around the RTI Act, India can continue its journey toward a more transparent and accountable governance system, ultimately achieving the goal of a “Viksit Bharat” (Developed India). C. Only three D. All four 3. With reference to the powers of the Indian Parliament, consider the following statements: 1. The Parliament of India has the power to amend the Constitution under Article 368, but only with the approval of the President. 2. The Rajya Sabha can initiate and amend Money Bills. 3. A bill passed by both Houses of Parliament must receive the President’s assent to become a law, but the President can withhold assent to any bill. Prelims Question: 1. Which of the following is/are among the Fun damental Duties of citizens laid down in the Indian Constitution? (2012) How many of the above-given statements are correct? A. Only one 2. To preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture B. Only two C. All three 3. To protect the weaker sections from social injustice D. None 4. Consider the following statements: 4. To develop the scientific temper and spirit of inquiry 1. The No-Confidence motion in India is moved in the lower house only 5. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity 2. The No-Confidence motion is never been passed in the Indian Parliament Select the correct answer using the codes given below : 3. The No-Confidence motion in India led to the dissolution of the Lower House of Parliament. A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 only How many of the statements given above are correct? C. 1, 3 and 4 only A. Only one D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 B. Only two 2. Which of the following constitutional provisions are associated with socialism in India? C. All three D. None 1. Fundamental Duties 5. With reference to the challenges facing the RTI Act, consider the following statements: 2. Schedule Nine 3. Preamble 1. Delays in appointing Information Commissioners have led to backlogs in processing RTI applications. 4. Part 15 of the constitution. Select the correct answer using the code given below: JANUARY 2025 16

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 2. The 2019 amendment to the RTI Act has enhanced the independence of Information Commissioners. 5. The Right to Information (RTI) Act is a crucial tool for promoting transparency and accountability in governance. In light of the challenges it faces, discuss the key issues stifling the RTI Act and suggest measures to strengthen its implementation. 3. A lack of manpower in Information Commissions is a significant challenge in the timely processing of RTI requests. (250 words, 15 marks) How many of the above-given statements are correct? A. Only one B. Only two C. All three D. None Answers 1. C 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. A Mains Question: 1. Constitutional morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (250 words, 15 marks) 2. “The recent Supreme Court verdict stated that Socialism is part of the constitution” In this context discusses the features of socialism in India. (Answer in 150 words) 3. Discuss the role of the Rajya Sabha in the Indian parliamentary system. How does its composition and powers differ from those of the Lok Sabha, and what impact does this have on the legislative process in India? (250 words, 15 marks) 4. Compare and contrast the political systems of India and France, focusing on their democratic structures, electoral governance models. mechanisms, and (Answer in 250 words) JANUARY 2025 17

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 2. Defence and Security Cooperation: The strategic partnership between India and the UK emphasizes a commitment to a free, open, and secure Indo-Pacific region, enhancing maritime cooperation and focusing on joint efforts in cy- bersecurity and advanced defence technologies under the ‘Make in India’ initiative. "Strengthening Ties: A Com- prehensive Overview of India-UK Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT)" WHY IN THE NEWS? 3. Climate and Clean Energy Initiatives: Both nations are dedicated to accelerating the clean energy transition and achieving net-zero goals, collaborating on initiatives such as the Green Grids Initiative and India’s International Solar Alliance while advocating for developed nations to fulfil their climate finance commitments. India and the UK have announced plans to resume negotiations on the proposed Free Trade Agreement (FTA) early next year. The announcement came after a bilateral meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and British Prime Minister Keir Starmer on the sidelines of the G20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Both leaders emphasized expediting the FTA and advancing a new strategic partnership, including the negotiation of a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), to strengthen economic and bilateral ties. 4. Health and Life Sciences Collaboration: The partnership includes significant collaboration in digital health technologies and knowledge sharing to strengthen healthcare delivery, alongside joint initiatives aimed at addressing global health challenges, including antimicrobial resistance and vaccine development. 5. Soft Power Dimensions: The India-UK relationship is enriched through collaborations in art, literature, and tourism, exemplified by events like the Jaipur Literature Festival in London, while cricket serves as a symbol of goodwill, uniting fans from both nations. OVERVIEW: INDIA -UK TIES BIT: 6. Multilateral Cooperation: India and the UK work together in global governance forums such as the G20, Commonwealth, and the United Nations, addressing critical issues like climate change and global security, with the UK supporting India’s priorities during its G20 presidency. 1. Trade and Economic Cooperation: India and the UK are actively negotiating a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) to unlock trade potential and enhance economic prosperity, with the UK being one of the top investors in India and Indian companies significantly contributing to the UK economy, particularly in technology and pharmaceuticals. 7. Cultural and Educational Ties: The ‘India/UK JANUARY 2025 18

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com Together’ programme celebrates India’s 75th year of independence by fostering cultural exchange and providing scholarships for Indian students to study in the UK, while strong people- to-people linkages and academic collaborations between universities enhance knowledge sharing and research opportunities. protections and establish favourable conditions for foreign investors, ensuring that their investments are safeguarded from arbitrary government actions, discriminatory practices, or unfair treatment. BITs have become a key tool for fostering international economic relations, particularly in the context of foreign direct investment (FDI 1. India’s Early Engagement with BITs: India began negotiating BITs in the mid-1990s to provide favourable conditions and treaty-based protection to foreign investors, with the first BIT signed with the UK in 1994. WHAT IS THE BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATY (BIT)? Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) are reciprocal agreements between two countries designed to promote and protect foreign private investments in each other’s territories. These treaties offer legal 2. Arbitration Mechanism: BITs often include a dispute resolution mechanism, where arbitration JANUARY 2025 19

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com is the preferred method. This allows investors to settle disputes with the host country through a neutral third party rather than going to court. clear legal framework for investors, reducing uncertainty around the protection of their investments. This is particularly beneficial in countries where there may be concerns over regulatory changes or arbitrary actions by the government. 3. Historical Challenges for India: India faced several investor-state disputes, with notable cases like White Industries v. Republic of India (2011), where the country had to pay a significant amount due to an adverse ruling under the Australia-India BIT. By 2015, India had faced 17 known BIT claims, including one with Cairn En- ergy, which resulted in a USD 1.2 billion award. 4. Attracting High-Quality Investments: Inves- tors are more likely to commit capital in countries where their rights are legally protected and where there is a clear process for resolving disputes. This can attract more sophisticated investments, such as those in high-tech industries, research, and innovation. 4. Revised BIT Model (2016): To mitigate the financial and legal risks arising from these disputes, India adopted a new BIT model in 2016, emphasizing the protection of national interests. This led to the termination of 68 out of 74 BITs, with a push to renegotiate terms based on the updated model. 5. Boost to Local Industry and Technology Transfer: Foreign investments facilitated by BITs can lead to the transfer of technology and management expertise, which can boost the productivity of local industries and create a more competitive domestic market. 5. India’s Current Approach: The Indian Finance Minister’s announcement of negotiating new BITs aims to boost Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). This comes after a period of reduced BIT activity, particularly following the adoption of the 2016 Model BIT, suggesting a renewed focus on attracting foreign capital while balancing legal protections. 6. Conflict Prevention: BITs often include provisions for regular consultations and cooperation between the countries involved, which can help prevent conflicts from escalating into full-blown disputes. This diplomatic dialogue can foster a more cooperative and stable investment environment. SIGNIFICANCE OF BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATY (BIT): 7. Support for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs): By enhancing legal protections and providing dispute resolution mechanisms, BITs can help SMEs from both countries expand into each other’s markets with more confidence, thereby contributing to economic diversification and growth. 1. Promotion of Trade Relations: BITs not only protect investments but can also strengthen broader trade relations between the two countries. By ensuring secure and transparent investment frameworks, BITs can pave the way for enhanced economic cooperation beyond just investment flows. ISSUES DELAYING BIT AGREEMENT: 1. Sovereignty Concerns: Countries fear BITs could limit their regulatory freedom, especially with Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanisms that allow investors to sue governments. 2. Facilitation of Long-Term Investments: By offering stability and predictability in the treatment of foreign investors, BITs can encourage long- term investments in critical sectors, such as infrastructure, manufacturing, and technology, contributing to sustainable development in the host country. 2. Financial Liability: Potential for large financial awards against governments in arbitration cases, leading to reluctance in signing BITs. 3. Enhancement of Legal Certainty: BITs provide a 3. Unequal Bargaining Power: Economic imbalances JANUARY 2025 20

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com between countries can make negotiations challenging, with weaker countries fearing disadvantageous terms. foreign industry growth, innovation, and economic diversification. investment that supports local CONCLUSION 4. Domestic Political Pressure: Opposition from local groups (e.g., labour unions, environmen- talists) or policy shifts can delay BIT agreements. India’s Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) with the UAE signals a shift toward balancing foreign investment and sovereignty. As India negotiates new BITs, including with the UK, it aims to boost FDI while addressing issues like Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS). BIT delays arise from concerns over sovereignty, financial liabilities, unequal bargaining power, domestic opposition, and legal conflicts. While BITs can attract investment and technology transfer, countries need to protect regulatory autonomy while ensuring investment security. India’s updated approach focuses on balancing these priorities. 5. Legal Incompatibility: National laws may conflict with BIT terms, requiring time-consuming legal reforms. 6. Geopolitical and Economic Priorities: Countries may delay BITs due to broader geopolitical considerations or a mismatch with national economic goals. 7. Renegotiation of Old BITs: Countries like India are revising outdated BIT models to better align with current interests, causing delays. India and Bangladesh: A Part- nership for Regional Stability WAY FORWARD: 1. Balance Investor Protection & Sovereignty: Ensure BITs protect investments while preserving the right to regulate in the public interest (e.g., health, environment). WHY IN THE NEWS? Indian High Commissioner to Bangladesh, Pranay Verma, stated that India is committed to maintaining a stable, positive, and constructive relationship with Bangladesh, where the people of both nations are the primary beneficiaries. He made these remarks while discussing India-Bangladesh relations at the Bay of Bengal Conversation, an event organized by the Centre for Governance Studies in Dhaka. 2. Reform ISDS Mechanism: Reform Investor- State Dispute Settlement to prevent abuse and prioritize public interest in disputes. 3. Focus on Long-Term Investments: Attract high- quality investments in critical sectors (tech, infrastructure, clean energy) through stable and predictable frameworks. 4. Explore Regional & Multilateral BITs: Pursue regional or multilateral streamline regulations and enhance economic cooperation. agreements to 5. Prevent measures like consultations and diplomatic channels to resolve conflicts before arbitration. Disputes: Introduce preventive 6. Flexibility in BIT Terms: Include review mechanisms and sunset clauses to adapt BITs to changing economic and political contexts. INDIA-BANGLADESH COOPERATION: 1. Defence Cooperation: India and Bangladesh engage in joint military exercises like Sampriti and Maitree, enhancing border and maritime secu- 7. Promote Technology Transfer: Encourage JANUARY 2025 21

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com rity, and counterterrorism efforts, particularly in the Bay of Bengal. 2. Security and Border Management: India and Bangladesh collaborate closely on security issues, including police cooperation, anti- corruption efforts, and tackling illicit drug trafficking, fake currency, and human trafficking. They also work together to secure their 4,096 km border with initiatives such as border fencing and joint boundary pillar inspections, ensuring effective border management and enhancing security for both nations. 2. Economic Cooperation: India is one of Bangla- desh’s largest trading partners, with bilateral trade surpassing $18 billion in 2023. India exports machinery, chemicals, and agricultural products, while Bangladesh exports textiles and garments. India also invests in infrastructure and technology sectors. 3. Strategic and Regional Cooperation: India and Bangladesh collaborate in regional forums such as SAARC, BIMSTEC, and BBIN, focusing on South Asian stability, counterterrorism, and connectivity. 3. Peaceful Resolution of Border Issues: The Land Boundary Agreement (2015) and Maritime Boundary Delimitation exemplify the peaceful resolution of territorial disputes between the countries. 4. Cultural Cooperation: The two nations share cultural ties, marked by joint film festivals, academic exchanges, and commemorations of the 1971 Liberation War. Cultural diplomacy strengthens their historical and familial bonds. 4. Sub-Regional Cooperation: Both countries share a common vision for the Indo-Pacific, focusing on maritime security and the development of the ocean economy. 5. Multilateral Engagement: India and Bangla- desh actively engage in various multilateral platforms, such as SAARC, BIMSTEC, BBIN (Bangla- desh, Bhutan, India, Nepal), and IORA. 5. Technological and Scientific Cooperation: India assists Bangladesh in space technology, biotechnology, and IT infrastructure, with collaborative projects in agriculture, healthcare, and disaster management, including support from ISRO. 6. Enhanced Connectivity: Initiatives like the Pro- tocol on Inland Waterways Trade and Transit (PIWTT) and the use of Chittagong and Mongla Ports have significantly improved connectivity between the two countries. 6. Energy Cooperation: India exports 1,160 MW of electricity to Bangladesh and both countries explore renewable energy projects and strengthen gas pipeline connectivity. 7. Cultural and People-to-People Relations: The Indira Gandhi Cultural Centre and the In- dian Cultural Centre in Dhaka play a key role in promoting the shared cultural heritage and strengthening people-to-people ties. 8. Defence Cooperation: Military exercises such as SAMPRITI and MILAN highlight the active defence cooperation between the two nations. 7. Connectivity and Infrastructure: Key projects like the Akhaura-Agartala rail link and Mongla Port enhance cross-border transport, facilitating smoother trade and people movement. SIGNIFICANCE OF BANGLADESH FOR INDIA: 1. Important Trade Partners: Bangladesh is India’s largest trade partner in South Asia, while India stands as the second-largest trade partner of Bangladesh in Asia. In 2023-24, bilateral trade between the two countries reached USD 14.01 billion, reflecting the strong economic ties and growing trade relations between them. SIGNIFICANCE OF INDIA FOR BANGLADESH: 1. Internal Connectivity: India plays a key role in enhancing Bangladesh’s internal connectivity, offering easier access to India’s North-East- ern states. A prominent example is the Akhau- ra-Agartala cross-border rail link, which improves transportation and trade. JANUARY 2025 22

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 2. Regional Integration: Bangladesh is centrally located in India’s strategic frameworks, including the Neighbourhood First Policy, Act East Policy, Vision SAGAR, and Indo-Pacific Vision, making it a key partner for regional integration. Maitree Thermal Power Plant and SASEC HVDC grid projects, support Bangladesh’s energy security. 4. Digital Connectivity and Future Plans: The India- Bangladesh Digital Partnership aims to boost 4G/5G rollout and contribute to Bangladesh’s Smart Bangladesh 2041 plan, enhancing digital infrastructure for economic growth. 3. Support for India’s Regional Leadership: Ban- gladesh contributes to India’s regional leadership vision by helping counter China’s assertive presence in the region, fostering greater geopolitical balance. 5. Resilience Despite the political upheaval, economic interdependence and established connectivity allowed for the swift reopening of the Petrapole- Benapole land port, ensuring a quick return to normalcy in trade. During Political Instability: 4. Developmental Partnership: Over the past 8 years, India has extended nearly US$ 8 billion in Lines of Credit (LOC) to Bangladesh, supporting its infrastructure and development projects. 6. Need for Continuity in Bilateral Cooperation: To maintain stability and growth, both countries must ensure the continuity of key projects like the BBIN Motor Vehicle Agreement and the Katihar-Parbatipur-Bornagar transmission line. 5. Human Resource Development: India provides training for Bangladesh’s Civil Service and police officials, strengthening governance and institutional capacity in Bangladesh. 6. Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR): India has been a key partner in humanitarian assistance, notably through initiatives like Vaccine Maitri, where India supplied COVID-19 vaccines to Bangladesh during the pandemic, demonstrating its commitment to regional welfare. 7. India’s Role in Regional Stability: India’s extensive connectivity initiatives help foster regional stability, supporting Bangladesh’s goal to achieve developing country status by 2026, with India being a crucial development partner. 8. Regional Integration through Connectivity: Shared initiatives like BIMSTEC and BBIN are vital for enhancing trade, energy, and transport links across South Asia, and strengthening regional integration and stability. RECENT DEVELOPMENT CONSEQUENCE: 1. Political Transition in Bangladesh: Bangladesh’s political uncertainty raises concerns about the future of ongoing projects. Despite this, India remains Bangladesh’s key development partner, essential for economic stability and regional connectivity. WAY FORWARD: 1. Sustaining Connectivity Projects: Ensuring the timely completion and operationalization of ongoing projects such as the Akhaura-Agartala rail link and the Katihar-Parbatipur-Bornagar electricity transmission line will significantly enhance bilateral connectivity, trade, and regional integration. 2. Connectivity as a Cornerstone of Bilateral Ties: Connectivity remains a critical component of India-Bangladesh relations, with key projects like the Akhaura-Agartala rail link, Bhutan rail connectivity, and energy initiatives such as the India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline strengthening their partnership. 2. Strengthening Energy Cooperation: Expanding energy projects, including the construction of the Rooppur Nuclear Plant and joint efforts to explore renewable energy, will further enhance Bangladesh’s energy security and economic growth. 3. Trade and Energy Cooperation”: India is Bangladesh’s largest trading partner, with established connectivity channels facilitating trade. Energy collaborations, such as the JANUARY 2025 23

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 3. Digital Partnership: Prioritizing the India- Bangladesh Digital Partnership will allow both nations to leverage digital technologies for economic growth, improve cross-border data exchange, and support the development of Smart Bangladesh. Syria’s Instability: Strategic Implications for India WHY IN THE NEWS? In a pivotal moment for the Middle East, Islamist rebels in Syria declared the ouster of President Bashar al-Assad on Sunday after capturing Damascus, forcing him to flee and ending his family’s decades-long rule-following over 13 years of civil war. 4. Enhanced Multilateral Engagement: Both nations should continue to work within regional frameworks like BIMSTEC and BBIN, ensuring stable regional security, connectivity, and prosperity and addressing challenges like counterterrorism and climate change. 5. Human Resource and Disaster Management Cooperation: Strengthening training programs for Bangladesh’s civil service and police, alongside joint disaster relief efforts, will ensure effective governance and resilience during crises. 6. Continuity in Development Partnership: India should continue to play a key role in Bangladesh’s development by extending further Lines of Credit (LOC), supporting infrastructure, and expertise across sectors like transport, healthcare, and agriculture. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE SYRIAN CIVIL WAR providing technical 1. Background and Origins ● Assad Rule (1970–2011): Hafez al-Assad came to power in 1970, establishing an authoritarian regime built on Alawite minority support and a “shadow state” reliant on military and security networks. Bashar al-Assad succeeded his father in 2000, initially promising reforms. However, economic growing inequality, and political repression led to public dissatisfaction. CONCLUSION India and Bangladesh share a dynamic, multifaceted relationship marked by strategic, economic, and cultural ties. Despite political transitions in Bangladesh, the strong connectivity, trade, and development cooperation between the two nations continue to serve as a pillar for stability in South Asia. The deepening of these partnerships, especially in energy, digital infrastructure, and regional cooperation, will be crucial in realizing the full potential of their bilateral and regional aspirations. Both countries must prioritize continuity in cooperation to ensure long-term growth, security, and regional stability. mismanagement, ● Arab Spring Catalyst (2011): Inspired by uprisings across the Arab world, peaceful protests began in Daraa demanding political reforms. The regime’s violent response escalated unrest, transforming the protests into a nationwide uprising. 2. Civil War Begins (2012–2014) ● Proliferation of Armed Groups: Initial peaceful protests gave way to armed resistance as the regime intensified crackdowns. Rebel factions JANUARY 2025 24

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com like the Free Syrian Army (FSA) emerged, challenging Assad’s forces across the country. sad to flee. This marked the end of over 50 years of Assad family rule, leaving Syria in an uncertain and fragmented state. ● Sectarian Dimensions: Assad leveraged sectarian divisions, portraying himself as a protector of minorities against Sunni- dominated rebels. Iran and Hezbollah supported Assad, states like Saudi Arabia and Turkey-backed opposition groups. INDIA-SYRIA BILATERAL RELATIONS OVER THE YEARS Historical and Civilizational Ties: while Sunni-majority ● Historical ties: Both nations share a long history of friendly relations, rooted in civilizational links and shared values like secularism, nationalism, and developmental aspirations. 3. Rise of Extremism (2014–2017) ● Islamic State (ISIS): ISIS capitalized on the chaos, seizing significant territories in Syria and Iraq, including Raqqa, which became its de facto capital. A U.S.-led coalition inter- vened to combat ISIS, adding another layer of complexity to the conflict. ● Arab causes: India has consistently supported Arab causes, including the Palestinian issue and Syria’s claim to the Golan Heights. Economic and Developmental Engagements: ● Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS): Formerly linked to al-Qaida, HTS became a dominant rebel group in northern Syria, particularly in Idlib province. ● Line of Credit (LoC): India extended a $240 million LoC in 2009 to finance 52% of the Tish- reen Thermal Power Plant Extension project. ● Steel Plant Modernization: A $25 million LoC facilitated the modernization of the Hama Iron & Steel Plant, completed in 2017 by Apollo International Limited. 4. Internationalization of the War (2015–2020) ● Russian Intervention: Russia entered the conflict in 2015, providing air support to Assad, reversing rebel gains, and helping the regime regain key territories like Aleppo. ● Oil Sector Investments: ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) invested $350 million in Syria’s oil sector, with partnerships in Block-24 and Al Furat Petroleum Company. Activities have been suspended since 2012 due to security issues. ● Proxy War Dynamics: The conflict became a battleground for global powers, with Iran, Turkey, the U.S., and Gulf states backing different factions. Capacity Building and Education 5. Stalemate and Resurgence of Violence (2020– 2024) • Scholarships: India offers 25 ICCR scholarships annually to Syrian students for higher education. ● Ceasefires and Fragile Stability: Temporary ceasefires allowed for limited reconstruction and return of displaced civilians. Howev- er, tensions remained high, with occasional flare-ups between regime forces, rebels, and foreign actors. • Training Programs: Through the Indian Techni- cal and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program, 90 professional training slots are provided each year. • ‘Study in India’ Program: Since 2017-18, 1,500 seats have been offered to Syrian students, emphasizing technical and managerial training. ● HTS Offensive (2024): Rebel forces, led by HTS, launched an unprecedented offensive, breaching Damascus and forcing Bashar al-As- JANUARY 2025 25

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com Strategic Importance 2. Increased Regional Instability: The possibility of civil war in Syria involving groups like Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), Kurdish militias, and Assad’s remnants raises security concerns. Such instability could destabilize India’s partnerships in West Asia and pose indirect threats. • Regional balance: Strengthening ties with Syria enhances India’s West Asia policy, complementing strong relations with GCC nations and Iran. • Counter Terrorism: Syria’s counter-terrorism initiatives have helped India in combating radicalization and extremist ideologies affecting South Asia. 3. Rise in Terrorism and Radicalization: Syria risks becoming a breeding ground for jihadist activities, similar to Afghanistan. This could lead to increased organized crime, drug trafficking, and arms smuggling. Indian youth could face radicalization risks, boosting extremist elements within India and undermining domestic security. POST-CIVIL WAR RELATIONS (2011 ONWARDS) ● Principled Stand: India called for a non- military, inclusive Syrian-led political process, adhering to UNSC Resolution 2254. Despite the conflict, India maintained its embassy in Damascus and emphasized Syria’s sovereignty, unity, and territorial integrity. 4. Threats from Hostile Intelligence Agencies: The involvement of Turkish and Pakistani intelligence agencies in Syria could be detrimental to India. These agencies may exploit the situation to radicalize Indian youth, enhance terrorist networks, and destabilize India’s national security. ● Humanitarian Assistance: India provided critical aid during Syria’s 2023 earthquake under Operation Dost, sending relief material and supplies. 5. Jeopardy to Economic Projects: Instability in Syria threatens the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC), a crucial trade and connectivity initiative. Lawlessness in Syria could obstruct transport routes and discourage investments linked to the corridor. ● Renewed Engagement: The 2022 visit by India’s Minister of State for External Affairs, V. Muraleedharan, marked a renewed push to deepen bilateral ties post-Arab Spring. In November 2023, India appointed Irshad Ahmad as the new Ambassador to Syria, reflecting a commitment to strengthening diplomatic ties. 6. Humanitarian and Migratory Concerns: The worsening humanitarian crisis may trigger mass migrations, affecting regional stability and complicating international aid efforts, which could indirectly strain India’s diplomatic relations with affected countries. ● Developmental Cooperation: India continues to explore avenues in education, capacity developmental partnerships, even amidst Syria’s challenges. for collaboration building, and INDIA’S APPROACH TO THE NEW NORMALCY IN SYRIA IMPACTS OF ASSAD’S OUSTER ON INDIA’S IN- TERESTS IN WEST ASIA 1. Wait and Watch: India is taking a cautious stance, observing developments in Syria before making significant policy shifts. This strategy allows India to assess the stability of the new government and the broader geopolitical landscape, ensuring that any actions taken are informed by current realities on the ground. 1. Strategic Disruption: The collapse of the Assad regime breaks the “Shiite Crescent,” diminishing Iran’s influence across Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. This geopolitical shift could embolden hostile forces, affecting India’s strategic ties and interests in the region. JANUARY 2025 26

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 2. Dialogue with Regional Players: Engaging in dialogue with neighboring countries and regional powers is crucial for India. This dialogue can facilitate collaborative efforts toward stability and peace. CONCLUSION The ouster of Assad heralds significant geopolitical shifts, posing challenges to regional stability and India’s strategic interests. Careful diplomacy, pro- active security measures, and sustained partnerships in West Asia are vital for India to navigate these evolving dynamics. 3. Engagement with All Parties Involved in the New Government of Syria: India aims to maintain relations with all factions within Syria’s new government structure. This inclusive approach ensures that India remains relevant in discussions about Syria’s future while promoting a political solution that reflects the diverse interests of its population. India-Sri Lanka Relations: Op- portunities and Challenges Why in the news? 4. High Alert on Security Measures to Avoid Internal Disturbances: Given the potential for unrest within Syria, India emphasizes heightened security measures to protect its nationals and interests in the region. President of Sri Lanka, H.E. Mr. Anura Kumara Dissanayaka, will embark on his first State visit to India following Sri Lanka’s recent presidential and parliamentary elections. During the visit, he is set to meet with Rashtrapati Ji and hold talks with Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi to discuss bilateral issues of mutual interest. President Dissanayaka will also participate in a business event in Delhi, focusing on enhancing investment opportunities and commercial linkages between India and Sri Lanka. 5. Active Dialogue for Quick Resolution and Normalcy in Syria: India can advocate for diplomatic solutions to expedite peace processes in Syria. By participating in international forums and supporting initiatives aimed at conflict resolution, India seeks to contribute positively to restoring normalcy. 6. Securing Indian Nationals in Syria: The safety of Indian citizens residing or working in Syria is a top priority for India’s foreign policy. The government has established protocols for evacuation if necessary and maintains communication channels nationals to assist when needed. with Indian 7. Protecting Engagement: Energy security is vital for India’s economic interests; thus India can Collaborate on energy projects or investments can help secure India’s energy needs while contributing to rebuilding efforts in Syria. Energy Security Through INDIA - SRILANKA RELATIONSHIP EVALUATION 8. Humanitarian India could enhance its role by providing humanitarian aid to those affected by the conflict in Syria. This assistance could include food supplies, medical aid, and support for rebuilding infrastructure, thereby improving India’s image as a responsible global actor committed to humanitarian principles. Assistance Initiatives: JANUARY 2025 27

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com Area Political Engagement Details Frequent high-level visits (e.g., PM Modi, and Sri Lankan leaders) strengthen diplomatic ties. India is Sri Lanka’s largest trade partner (USD 5.5 billion in 2023- 24). Major investments in energy, telecommunications, and infrastructure. Over USD 5 billion in aid, including major projects like the Indian Housing Project, education, healthcare, and digital identity grants. Resumed air links (Chennai-Jaffna) and ferry services (Nagapattinam-KKS). India is the largest source of tourists to Sri Lanka. Strong defence ties, joint exercises, maritime security cooperation, and regional security collaboration through the Colombo Security Conclave. Support through cultural centres, scholarships, and academic programs to enhance people-to-people links. Cooperation on regional security, counter-terrorism, and disaster response. Trade and Economic Cooperation Development and Humanitarian Assistance Connectivity and Tourism Defence and Security Cultural and Educational Ties Strategic Partnership 5. Education & Capacity Building: India offers 710 scholarships annually to Sri Lankan students and 402 ITEC training slots alongside various professional development programs. INDIA SRILANKA BILATERAL ENGAGEMENT: 1. Trade Ties: Bilateral trade reached USD 5.5 billion in FY 2023-24, with India’s exports at USD 4.1 billion. India has USD 2.2 billion in FDI, mainly in energy and infrastructure. Negotiations for the ETCA are ongoing to boost trade and services. 6. People-to-People Ties: India’s 1.6 million IOTs in Sri Lanka contribute to business and agriculture with ongoing cultural and educational exchanges, including STEM training for plantation school teachers. 2. Defence & Security: India and Sri Lanka conduct annual SLINEX (naval) and MITRA SHAKTI (army) exercises, with India supporting Sri Lanka’s maritime surveillance through MRCC installation. The Colombo Security Conclave strengthens regional security, focusing on counter-terrorism. 7. Regional Relations & LTTE: India plays a key role in SAARC for regional trade and security, supporting Sri Lanka’s sovereignty and reconciliation efforts while addressing Tamil issues dip- lomatically. 3. Cultural Ties: India supports Sri Lanka’s Bud- dhist heritage, including the Kapilavastu relics and Indian Gallery in Kandy, while promoting cultural exchange through the Indian Cultural Centre and Bharat-Kosh at the Colombo Library. SIGNIFICANCE OF SRILANKA FOR INDIA: 1. Strategic Location: Sri Lanka’s proximity to In- dia enhances regional security, maritime trade routes, and naval cooperation in the Indian Ocean. 4. Health Cooperation: India provided 500,000 CO- VISHIELD vaccines and 100,000 RAT kits during COVID-19 and supports healthcare development, including a multi-specialty hospital in Dickoya. 2. Cultural & Historical Ties: Shared civilizational links, including Buddhism and long-standing cultural exchanges, deepen bilateral relations. JANUARY 2025 28

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 3. Economic Partnership: Sri Lanka is a major trade partner, with India being the largest investor, focusing on energy, infrastructure, and development projects. 7. Counter-Terrorism & LTTE Issues: India supports Sri Lanka’s sovereignty and peace-building efforts while addressing Tamil issues through diplomatic channels, ensuring regional stability. 4. Regional Security Cooperation: India and Sri Lanka collaborate on defence, including joint exercises (SLINEX, MITRA SHAKTI) and regional security frameworks like the Colombo Security Conclave. AREAS OF CONCERN: 1. Ethnic Tensions: The ongoing Tamil ethnic issues and reconciliation efforts remain a sensitive topic, with Sri Lanka’s treatment of Tamil minorities causing occasional strains. 5. People-to-People Relations: A large Indian-or- igin Tamil community in Sri Lanka fosters deep social and economic connections, bolstered by educational and cultural exchanges. 2. China’s Influence: Sri Lanka’s increasing engagement with China, particularly in infrastructure projects like the Hambantota Port, is a concern for India’s strategic interests in the region. 6. Support during Crises: India provided significant humanitarian aid and financial support during Sri Lanka’s economic crisis, including food, fuel, and medical assistance. 3. Fishing Disputes: Frequent conflicts between Indian and Sri Lankan fishermen over maritime boundaries, particularly in the Palk Straits, create tensions. Area Strengthening Economic Ties Way Forward Expand trade, investment, and infrastructure projects, especially in energy, ports, and renewable energy sectors. Finalize the Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement (ETCA). Deepen collaboration on maritime security, joint surveillance, environmental protection, and improve connectivity through ferry and air services. Support Sri Lanka’s reconciliation process, focusing on Tamil rights, by implementing 13 constitutional amendments fostering peaceful co-existence and promoting inclusive growth in Tamil-majority areas. Enhanced Maritime Cooperation Addressing Ethnic Issues Expanding People-to-People Exchanges Increase educational, cultural, and tourism exchanges. Expand scholarships, joint research, and STEM training programs to build future cooperation. Defence and Security Cooperation Strengthen defence collaboration through joint military exercises and regional security initiatives like the Colombo Security Conclave. Managing External Influences Balance Sri Lanka’s relationships with China by enhancing India’s strategic presence in key sectors and promoting Indian interests in infrastructure and regional connectivity. Collaborative Regional Initiatives Promote Sri Lanka’s active role in SAARC and BIMSTEC for regional cooperation on trade, security, and disaster management. JANUARY 2025 29

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 4. Debt Crisis: Sri Lanka’s economic instability, ex- acerbated by high debt levels, places pressure on India’s support, particularly in financial aid and trade. 3. Global depository receipts 4. Non-resident external deposits Which of the above can be included in Foreign Direct Investments? 5. Security Challenges: The presence of radical elements and concerns over Sri Lanka’s security policies, particularly post-Easter Sunday attacks, pose risks to regional stability. A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 3 only C. 2 and 4 D. 1 and 4 6. Regional Influence: India’s competition with China for influence in Sri Lanka can impact bilateral ties and regional cooperation, requiring careful diplomatic balancing. 2. With reference to India-Bangladesh relations, which of the following statements is/are correct? 7. Environmental Concerns: Environmental issues such as the oil spill from the MT New Diamond and the impact of industrial activities pose challenges to both nations’ maritime cooperation and environmental policies. 1. India is Bangladesh’s largest trading partner in South Asia, with bilateral trade reaching USD 14.01 billion in 2023-24. 2. India is not involved in any energy projects with Bangladesh, particularly in nuclear energy. 8. Border Issues: Disputes over maritime boundaries, particularly in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, involve disagreements on fishing rights and the delimitation of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 only B. 2 only CONCLUSION C. Both 1 and 2 India and Sri Lanka share a deep, multifaceted relationship that spans political, economic, cultural, and security domains. While both nations enjoy strong ties, they also face challenges such as ethnic tensions, external influence from China, and environmental concerns. Moving forward, both countries must continue to address these challenges through enhanced cooperation, mutual respect, and shared strategic interests to strengthen their partnership for regional peace, prosperity, and stability. D. Neither 1 nor 2 3. Consider the following countries: 1. Lebanon 2. Israel 3. Turkeyiye 4. Jordan 5. Iran 6. Iraq 7. Saudi Arabia Prelims Question: How many of the given above countries share a land border with Syria? 1. Consider the following: (2021) A. Only two B. Only three 1. Foreign currency convertible bonds C. Only four 2. Foreign institutional investment with certain conditions D. Only five JANUARY 2025 30

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 4. Consider the following statements: 3. What are the potential security challenges India might face due to the ongoing instability in Syria? Discuss the measures India should adopt. 1. Sri Lanka plays a significant role in ensuring regional security, particularly through cooperation on maritime security and counter-terrorism efforts. ( Answer in 150 words) 2. Sri Lanka’s cultural and historical ties with India, particularly in relation to Buddhism, enhance bilateral relations. 4. Evaluate the significance of Sri Lanka for India in terms of strategic, economic, and cultural relations. Discuss the key areas of concern and suggest the way forward for strengthening bilateral ties. 3. Sri Lanka is not a significant trade partner for India. (250 words, 15 marks) How many of the statements given above are correct? A. Only one B. Only two C. All three D. None Answers 1. A 2. A 3. D 4. B Mains Question: 1. Discuss the significance of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) in promoting foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic cooperation. How do BITs benefit both investors and host countries? (250 words, 15 marks) 2. Despite political instability in Bangladesh, India has maintained a strong developmental partnership with the country. How have India’s infrastructure, energy, and digital connectivity projects contributed to Bangladesh’s economic stability and growth? (250 words, 15 marks) JANUARY 2025 31

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com ○ International Tourism: India also attracts millions of international tourists. In 2022, India received 6.85 million international visitors. The number fluctuates each year, impacted by factors such as global travel restrictions, exchange rates, and international relations. The potential tourism sector to boost Indian economic WHY IN THE NEWS? ○ Tourism-Related Employment: Tourism is a major source of employment in India, directly and indirectly supporting over 87 million jobs, accounting for around 8% of total employment in the country. Recently, on World Tourism Day, the Ministry of Tourism introduced a national responsible tourism initiative called Paryatan Mitra and Paryatan Didi. The main goal of this initiative is to enhance the tourist experience by connecting visitors with ‘tourist-friendly’ locals who serve as proud ambassadors and storytellers of their respective destinations. 2. Contribution to GDP The tourism sector contributed around 6.8% of India’s GDP in 2022 (including direct, indirect, and induced contributions). ○ Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEE): Tourism is a major contributor to foreign exchange earnings in India, with $30 billion in earnings from foreign tourists in 2022. 3. Major Regions and Places in India for Tourism These themes include the Buddhist Circuit, Coastal Circuit, Desert Circuit, Eco Circuit, Heritage Circuit, Himalayan Circuit, Krishna Circuit, North- East Circuit, Ramayana Circuit, Rural Circuit, Spiritual Circuit, Sufi Circuit, Tirthankar Circuit, Tribal Circuit and Wildlife Circuit. TOURISM SECTOR INDIA: 1. Key Data: 4. Schemes and Initiatives in Indian Tourism Dekho Apna Desh: An initiative by the Minis- try of Tourism to encourage domestic tourism. It promotes local destinations through a digital platform and public outreach campaigns. Tourism is a significant sector of India’s economy, contributing to employment, GDP growth, and cultural exchange. Below are some key statistics related to the tourism industry: ○ Swadesh Darshan Scheme: Launched in 2014, this scheme focuses on the development of circuits. Examples include the Ramayana Circuit and the Buddhist Circuit. ○ Domestic Tourism: India witnesses an enor- mous volume of domestic tourists every year. In 2022, over 1.8 billion domestic tourist visits were recorded. theme-based tourist JANUARY 2025 32

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com ○ Prasad Scheme (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive): This initiative aims to develop and upgrade infrastructure at religious destinations, making them more comfortable for pilgrims. 3. Infrastructure Development: Investments in airports, roads, hotels, and other amenities are enhancing the travel experience, making destinations more accessible to both domestic and international tourists. accessible and 4. Women Empowerment: Tourism provides opportunities for women’s participation in the workforce, fostering entrepreneurship and offering employment in hospitality, guiding, and other tourism-related sectors. ○ Paryatan Mitra and Paryatan Didi Initiative: Launched on World Tourism Day, this initiative focuses on responsible tourism. It connects tourists with “tourist-friendly” locals, known as Paryatan Mitras (male ambassadors) and Paryatan Didis (female ambassadors), who act as guides and storytellers for destinations. Atithi Devo Bhava Campaign: This campaign aims to promote India’s culture of hospitality and ensure tourists receive a warm welcome. 5. Rural Development: Tourism can drive economic growth in rural areas by creating livelihood opportunities, promoting local handicrafts, agriculture, and tourism services, and supporting sustainable rural development. ○ Fairs government promotes Indian festivals and fairs such as Diwali, Holi, and Durga Puja to attract international tourists, showcasing India’s cultural heritage. and Festivals Promotion: The 6. Remote Development: Tourism acts as a catalyst for the development of remote regions by improving infrastructure, creating job opportunities, and raising local standards of living. ○ National Tourism Policy: Aimed at creating a vision for sustainable tourism development, this policy focuses on responsible tourism, conservation of heritage, and providing better facilities for tourists. 7. Preservation of Indian Culture: Cultural tourism plays a vital role in preserving India’s diverse heritage and promoting local festivals, art forms, and historical landmarks while ensuring their sustainability. ○ Skill Programs: Under the Incredible India initiative, the government has also rolled out programs to train people working in the tourism sector, such as tour guides, hotel staff, and other professionals. Development and Certification 8. Employment Generation: The tourism sector generates significant employment across various industries, including hospitality, transport, entertainment, and administration, contributing to overall economic growth. POTENTIAL OF THE INDIAN TOURISM SECTOR: WHAT ARE THE KEY CHALLENGES FACED BY THE INDIAN TOURISM SECTOR? 1. Diverse Offerings: India is a leading destination for cultural, spiritual, and nature-based tourism, with attractions like UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Himalayas, beaches, and vibrant festivals. 1. Infrastructure destinations lack essential infrastructure such as proper roads, clean facilities, and public transport. Connectivity to remote areas remains underdeveloped. Deficiencies: Many tourist 2. Growing Domestic and International Tourism: The domestic tourism market is growing rapidly, driven by rising income levels and a middle-class population eager to explore local destinations. Internationally, improved visa policies and global marketing campaigns are drawing more tourists. 2. Safety Concerns: Issues like crimes against tourists and natural disasters raise safety concerns, potentially damaging India’s reputation as a safe destination. JANUARY 2025 33

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 3. Environmental Degradation: Over-tourism in popular destinations causes overcrowding, pollution, and environmental damage. Poor waste management also contributes to these problems. 5. Scheme for Certification of Sustainable Tour- ism: Implement a certification system to identify and encourage tourism operators who adopt sustainable practices, helping travellers make informed choices. 6. IEC (Information, Education, and Communica- tion) and Capacity Building: Raise awareness about sustainable tourism practices and build the capacity of local communities, stakeholders, and businesses to implement these practices effectively. 4. Seasonal Dependency: Many tourist destinations depend on peak seasons, leading to fluctuating revenues and job instability during the off-season. 5. Lack of Skilled Workforce: A shortage of trained professionals in the tourism industry affects service quality and the overall visitor experience. 7. Governance: Strengthen governance structures to ensure effective regulation, monitoring, and coordination among government agencies, the private sector, and local communities, ensuring that sustainable tourism policies are implemented efficiently. 6. Bureaucratic processes, complicated licensing, and visa issues create delays in tourism-related development and investment. Hurdles: Slow government 7. Marketing Gaps: Despite campaigns like Incredible India, under-promotion of lesser- known destinations and inconsistent branding hinder the global visibility of India’s tourism sector. CONCLUSION: India’s tourism sector holds significant potential for growth thanks to its diverse cultural, spiritual, and natural attractions. The government’s initiatives, such as Paryatan Mitra and Swadesh Darshan, are improving infrastructure, promoting responsible tourism, and enhancing the overall tourist experience. However, challenges like infrastructure deficiencies, safety concerns, and environmental degradation need to be addressed for sustainable development. WAY FORWARD : 1. Promoting Environmental Sustainability: Focus on minimizing the ecological footprint of tourism activities, promoting eco-friendly practices, and encouraging responsible tourism to preserve natural resources. 2. Protecting Biodiversity: Safeguard India’s rich biodiversity by integrating conservation efforts into tourism policies, ensuring that tourism activities do not negatively impact wildlife and ecosystems. Fisheries in India: A lifeline for Indian economy 3. Promoting Economic Sustainability: Foster economic growth through tourism while ensuring that local communities benefit from tourism activities, creating jobs, and promoting local enterprises. WHY IN THE NEWS? The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) is being implemented across all States and Union Territories (UTs) in India for a five-year period, from FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25. Under this scheme, the Department of Fisheries (DoF), Govern- ment of India, has approved fisheries development projects submitted by the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, with a total investment of Rs. 135.17 crore for the period from 4. Promoting Preserve and promote India’s cultural heritage and traditions, ensuring that tourism development respects local cultures and enhances the well- being of local populations. Socio-Cultural Sustainability: JANUARY 2025 34

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 2020-21 to 2024-25. The approved activities include the construction of rearing and grow-out ponds, ornamental fish-rearing units, cold storage facilities, the establishment of a brood bank for seaweed, fish value-added enterprises, transport vehicles, and freshwater aquaculture initiatives. Additionally, the scheme includes the development of a smart and integrated fishing harbour at Vanakbara in Diu. Category 1. GDP Contribution Details The Fisheries sector contributes approximately 1.09% to India’s total Gross Value Added (GVA) at constant prices in 2022-23, amounting to Rs. 1,37,716 Crores. The Fisheries sector provides livelihood to about 16 million fishers and fish farmers at the primary level, with additional employment along the value chain. Fisheries contribute around 6.72% of the total agricultural GVA. 75% of the total fish production in India comes from the Inland Fisheries sector. 25% of the total fish production comes from the Marine Fisheries sector. Major fish species include Shrimps, Prawns, Sea Bass, Pearl Spot, Groupers, carp, and Ornamental Fish. Aquaculture of high-value species like Rainbow Trout is also a significant focus. West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Kerala are the top states contributing to fish production, especially in Inland and Marine fisheries. India is the third-largest fish-producing country in the world and ranks second globally in fish production through aquaculture, just after China. 2. Employment 3. Contribution to Agricultural GVA 4. Inland Fisheries 5. Marine Fisheries 6. Important Species 7. Top States 8. India’s Rank in the World JANUARY 2025 35

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com GOVERNMENT SCHEMES/POLICIES: FISHERY SECTOR IS A LIFELINE FOR THE INDIAN ECONOMY: 1. National Surveillance Programme on Aquatic Animal Diseases (NSPAAD): Monitor and manage aquatic animal diseases for biosecurity and export certification. Disease surveillance, diagnostics, and quarantine facilities across 59 centres. 1. Economic Contribution: It plays a key role in GDP, providing protein and driving foreign exchange through exports. 2. Employment Generation: Over 14 million people are employed in fishing and aquaculture, supporting coastal and rural communities. 2. Directorate of Aquatic Animal Health and Quarantine (DAAHQ): Strengthen quarantine and disease diagnostics for aquaculture. New quarantine units and diagnostic labs at key ports (Chennai, Mumbai). 3. Women Empowerment: Women are central in fish processing and marketing, gaining financial independence and skills. 4. Sustainable Development: Focus on responsible fishing and aquaculture practices ensures environmental sustainability. 3. Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY): Enhance fish production, infrastructure, and livelihoods. Expansion of inland and brackish water aquaculture, seaweed farming, cold-water fisheries, and modernization of markets and infrastructure. 5. Cooperative Federalism: Central and state governments collaborate schemes like PMMSY, boosting fish production and infrastructure. to implement 6. Alternate Source of Income: It provides economic stability, especially in rural areas with limited agricultural options. 4. Tilapia Culture Promotion: Promote high-yield, sustainable tilapia farming. Focus on closed water bodies and genetic improvement programs to increase tilapia production. 7. Marine Fish Exports: India is a leading exporter of seafood, particularly shrimp, contributing significantly to foreign exchange and global trade. 5. Scampi Culture Promotion: Boost scampi farming with high-quality seed production. Genetic improvement and enhanced scampi seed production through hatcheries. CHALLENGES: 1. Lack of Organized Sector: The sector remains largely unorganized, making it difficult to implement standards, quality control, and efficiency. 6. Fish Farmer Producer Organizations (FFPOs): Empower fish farmers through collective organizations. Formation of 720 FFPOs to enhance economic outcomes for farmers. 2. Climate Change: Rising temperatures, altered rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events affect fish habitats, breeding cycles, and overall productivity. 7. Group Accidental Insurance Scheme (GAIS): Provide insurance Coverage for accidental death, disability, and hospitalization. coverage for fishers. 3. Poor Infrastructure: Inadequate cold storage, transportation, and fishing harbour facilities hinder efficient production and reduce export potential. 8. Saving Cum Relief Fund: Support fishers during fishing bans and lean periods. Financial aid of Rs. 4,500 per family to help during lean seasons. 4. Disputes with Neighboring Countries: Tensions between India and Sri Lanka, particularly over fishing rights in the Palk Strait, disrupt fishing activities and trade. 9. Sea Cage Culture Development: Promote fish farming in reservoirs through cage culture. Installation of 20,000 cages to produce 60,000 MT of fish. JANUARY 2025 36

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 5. Less Competitive in Global Market: India faces stiff competition from countries like Japan and China, which have more advanced technology, better practices, and economies of scale in aquaculture. 7. Exploring Lakshadweep’s Potential: Unlock the untapped aquaculture potential of Lakshadweep to develop new marine fisheries and expand the nation’s fishing capacity. CONCLUSION 6. Fragmented Approach: State-level initiatives often lack coordination, leading to inconsistent implementation of policies and fragmented development across regions. The Indian fishery sector holds immense potential for economic growth, employment generation, and sustainable development. The implementation of government schemes like PMMSY is a step in the right direction, addressing infrastructure gaps, promoting sustainable practices, and enhancing the livelihoods of millions involved in the sector. However, challenges like climate change, inadequate infrastructure, disputes with neighbouring countries, and lack of access to credit need urgent attention. A coordinated, forward-looking approach that includes the promotion of fisheries cooperatives, improved access to credit, sustainable fishing practices, and better infrastructure will ensure the sector’s growth and global competitiveness 7. Lack of Credit Availability: Small-scale fish farmers struggle to access affordable credit, limiting their ability to invest in technology, infrastructure, and sustainable practices. WAY FORWARD: 1. Fisheries Cooperatives: Encourage the establishment of cooperative models, similar to Maharashtra, to improve collective bargaining power, access to resources, and sustainable practices. 2. Increased Credit Access through KCC: Provide more financial support to fish farmers through the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme to enhance their investment capabilities. A emerging twin crisis: Food insecurity and Energy poverty 3. Sustainable environmentally friendly and resource-efficient fishing techniques sustainability and reduce environmental impact. Fishing Practices: Promote Why in the news? to ensure long-term The world is battling a perfect storm of climate, conflict, economic and natural crises that are exacerbating inequality and pushing more people into poverty. We need all shoulders at the wheel to ensure our planet remains livable for everyone. 4. Improved Storage and Cold Chain Infrastructure: Expand cold storage and warehousing facilities through initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) to reduce post-harvest losses. 5. Adoption of Best Practices from Japan: Learn from Japan’s advanced aquaculture techniques, including technology adoption and better management practices, to boost productivity and quality. 6. Resolve Fishing Rights Disputes: Address and resolve fishing rights disputes with Sri Lanka to ensure peaceful and productive cooperation in shared maritime zones. JANUARY 2025 37

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com KEY FACTS ABOUT GLOBAL FOOD INSECURITY: REASON OF FOOD INSECURITY: ○ Number of People Affected: In 2023, 2.33 billion people faced moderate or severe food insecurity, a 45% increase since 2015. 1. Climate Change: Climate change is reducing crop yields, with some regions facing decreases of up to 10% by 2050. Extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, are increasingly damaging agriculture, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where food production is highly vulnerable. ○ Most Affected Countries: Nations with the largest food crises in 2023 include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, Sudan, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Yemen, Syria, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Myanmar. 2. Pollution and Environmental Degradation: 33% of global soil is degraded, harming crop productivity. Water contamination, particularly in South Asia, affects irrigation, further limiting food supply and exacerbating hunger. ○ Economic Access to Healthy Diets: Over 2.8 billion people could not afford a healthy diet in 2022, with 71.5% in low-income countries compared to 6.3% in high-income nations. KEY FACTS ABOUT ENERGY ACCESS AND POVERTY: 3. Population Growth: The global population is expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, driving up food demand. Sub-Saharan Africa faces a 50% increase in food insecurity by 2030 due to rapid population growth and environmental pressures. ○ Energy Poverty: At least 1.18 billion people are energy-poor, unable to access or afford electricity, according to the UNDP. ○ Access to Electricity: In 2022, 685 million people lacked electricity due to the energy crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, marking the first increase in over a decade. By 2023, this number declined to 750 million but remained below pre- pandemic progress levels. 4. Economic Inequality: In 2022, 2.8 billion people couldn’t afford a healthy diet, with 71.5% of them in low-income countries. High poverty rates limit access to nutritious food, especially in regions like Africa and South Asia. ○ Developing countries most affected: 750 million people lacked access to electricity in 2023, primarily in developing nations. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for about 80% of the global population without electricity. South Asia also has significant gaps in rural areas. 5. High Cost of Production and Declining Produc- tivity: Global food prices spiked by 40-50% in 2022 due to rising costs of fertilizers, fuel, and labour. Agricultural productivity is declining in many developing countries due to soil degradation, limited resources, and climate change. ○ Access to Clean Cooking: Up to 2.1 billion people still rely on polluting cooking fuels and technologies, causing 3.2 million premature deaths annually. Achieving universal access by 2030 remains off track. Up to 2.1 billion people rely on polluting fuels such as wood, charcoal, and animal dung. This is most prevalent in low- income households in Africa, South Asia, and parts of Southeast Asia. REASON OF ENERGY POVERTY: 1. Geopolitical Tensions: Conflicts, such as the Russia-Ukraine war, disrupt global energy supplies, raising prices and limiting access to affordable energy, especially in developing nations. 2. Outdated Infrastructure: Many regions, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, have ageing energy systems that can’t meet growing demand. Over 1.18 billion people lack access to electricity due to this issue. ○ Energy Sector Gender Gap: The energy sector remains male-dominated, with women earning wages significantly lower than men. The wage gap in this sector is more than twice as large as in non-energy industries. 3. Slow Transition from Fossil Fuels: The shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy is slow, JANUARY 2025 38

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com with many developing countries still relying on coal and oil, which increases energy insecurity and environmental risks. food security, particularly in regions reliant on imports. 6. Agriculture and Biofuel Crops: The use of biofuel crops for energy production competes with food crops for land and resources, driving up food prices and reducing the availability of arable land for food production, further threatening food security. 4. Inequal Accessibility: 750 million people lack electricity, mainly in rural areas of developing countries, where energy infrastructure is scarce and expensive to build. 5. Selective Action by Developed Countries: Wealthy nations often focus on their own energy needs while providing limited support for developing countries to transition to clean energy, worsening global energy inequality. WAY FORWARD: ○ Need for Inclusivity: Solutions must ensure equal access to energy and food, prioritizing marginalized communities and reducing inequalities. INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF ENERGY AND FOOD: 1. 70% of Freshwater Usage by Agriculture: Agri- culture uses 70% of global freshwater, much of which is needed for irrigation. Energy is required to pump and transport this water, linking energy access directly to food production. ○ Clean Energy Transition: Transitioning to renewable energy is key for sustainability, reducing emissions, and supporting both food and energy security. ○ Investing in Sustainable Agriculture: Promote climate-resilient farming practices and water-efficient techniques to boost food production while protecting the environment. 2. 20% of Global Carbon Emissions from Agricul- ture: Agriculture is responsible for 20% of global carbon emissions, mainly from land-use changes, livestock, and fertilizers. This contributes to climate change, which impacts both food production and energy systems. ○ Technological Innovation: Use technology to improve energy efficiency and optimize agricultural practices, reducing waste and increasing productivity. 3. Carbon-Intensive Food Production: Many food production processes, such as meat and dairy farming, are carbon-intensive, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. This affects food security by increasing environmental pressures that disrupt both food systems and energy availability. ○ Global Collaboration and Policy Alignment: Align policies globally to address food and energy challenges, focusing on international cooperation to meet sustainable development goals. CONCLUSION 4. Extreme Weather Events Impacting Food and Energy: Climate change-induced extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, affect both food production and energy infrastructure, disrupting supply chains and increasing the cost of both energy and food. The global crises of food insecurity and energy poverty are deeply interconnected, driven by climate change, conflict, and economic inequality. With billions affected, urgent action is needed to ensure sustainable and equitable access to both food and energy. Key solutions include promoting inclusivity, transitioning to clean energy, investing in sustainable agriculture, embracing technological innovation, and aligning global policies. These steps will help build resilient, integrated systems for a more secure and sustainable future for all. 5. Natural Gas for Ammonia-Based Fertilizers: 80% of ammonia fertilizers are produced using natural gas. Volatility in gas prices directly impacts the cost of fertilizers, making food production more expensive and reducing JANUARY 2025 39

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com 3. Expansion of Bank Branches: The number of bank branches increased from 1,17,990 in March 2014 to 1,60,501 in September 2024. 1,00,686 of these branches are located in Rural and Semi-Urban (RUSU) areas. Public Sector Banks: A Resurgent Force WHY IN THE NEWS? 4. Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme: Total opera- tive KCC accounts as of September 2024 stood at 7.71 crore, with an outstanding amount of ₹9.88 lakh crore. This scheme provides short- term crop loans to farmers. Public Sector Banks (PSBs) in India have achieved a historic milestone by reporting their highest-ev- er aggregate net profit of ₹1.41 lakh crore in the financial year 2023-24. This remarkable success highlights the sector’s impressive recovery, driven by a significant improvement in asset quality. The Gross Non-Performing Assets (GNPA) ratio saw a sharp decline, falling to 3.12% in September 2024. Continuing this strong performance, PSBs posted a net profit of ₹85,520.6 crore in the first half of 2024-25. Moreover, they have delivered substantial shareholder returns, distributing ₹61,964 crore in dividends over the last three years. This exceptional growth reflects the sector’s enhanced operational efficiency, better asset quality, and stronger capital base. 5. Support to MSME Sector: The Government of India has supported the MSME sector through affordable credit initiatives. MSME advances grew at a CAGR of 15% over the last 3 years, with total advances reaching ₹28.04 lakh crore by March 31, 2024, reflecting a 17.2% annual growth. 6. Growth in Gross Advances of Scheduled Com- mercial Banks: The gross advances of Sched- uled Commercial Banks (SCBs) grew from ₹8.5 lakh crore to ₹61 lakh crore between 2004 and 2014 and have further surged to ₹175 lakh crore by March 2024. MAJOR ACHIEVEMENT: 1. Strengthening PSB Resilience: The Gross NPA ratio of Public Sector Banks (PSBs) has improved significantly, declining from 14.58% in March 2018 to 3.12% in September 2024, reflecting the success of targeted interventions. 2. Expanding Financial Inclusion: PSBs and SCBs are boosting financial inclusion by opening 54 crore Jan Dhan accounts and sanctioning over 52 crore collateral-free loans under schemes like PM Mudra, Stand-Up India, PM-SVANidhi, and PM Vishwakarma. GOVT. INITIATIVES TO STRENGTHEN PSBS: 1. Sashakt programme: The SASHAKT (Systematic Assessment of Health Care Providers Knowledge and Training ) portal is developed to support states in the implementation and monitoring of JANUARY 2025 40

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com training and provide real-time updates on the progression of training. 2. Ease Framework: The Government has introduced the Enhanced Access & Service Excellence (EASE) framework to improve the financial health of Public Sector Banks (PSBs). This framework institutionalizes a process of incremental reforms, focusing on governance, prudent lending, risk management, and technology-driven banking. 4. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC): The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), enacted in 2016, consolidates and amends India’s laws on insolvency and bankruptcy. Its primary goal is to streamline and expedite the resolution of insolvency claims, making the process more efficient. 5. FSIB set up: The Financial Services Institutions Bureau (FSIB) was set up by the Government of India on July 1, 2022, to recommend candidates for senior roles in government-owned financial institutions. Its main function is to identify and select the right talent for these positions. STILL ISSUES PRESIST: 1. High NPA (Non-Performing Assets) Ratio: As of March 2023, PSBs in India had an NPA ratio of 6.5%, which is significantly higher than the private sector banks’ NPA ratio of around 2.6%. The high NPA ratio continues to burden PSBs, limiting their ability to lend and increasing financial strain. 3. R-4: ○ Recognition: Identifying the true financial health of banks, especially by acknowledging non-performing assets (NPAs) and bad loans, to ensure transparency. ○ Resolution: Addressing problematic assets through restructuring, selling off bad loans, or other mechanisms to stabilize banks and reduce toxic debt. 2. Delay in Resolution: The resolution of bad loans often takes years. For instance, the average time taken to resolve insolvency cases under the In- solvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) is approximately 400-500 days, which is significantly higher than global standards. ○ Recapitalisation: Infusing fresh capital into banks, ensuring they are financially strong, able to withstand shocks, and operate above global norms, supporting continued lending and economic growth. 3. Twin Balance Sheet Problem: The twin balance sheet problem refers to the stress faced by both corporate borrowers and banks. As of FY 2021- 22, India’s corporate sector had nearly $460 ○ Reforms: Implementing governance, regulatory, and operational changes to align banks with global best practices, enhancing efficiency and sustainability. JANUARY 2025 41

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com billion in outstanding debt, much of which was classified as stressed or bad loans. This issue has led to a slowdown in credit growth and economic recovery. 4. Continue reforms under the Recognition, Resolution, Recapitalisation, and Reforms (R-4) strategy to maintain financial stability and improve banking practices. R-4 Reforms: Persist with 4. Manpower Shortage: PSBs have faced a consistent manpower shortage. As of 2022, the vacancy rate in PSBs was reported to be around 20%, with over 2 lakh positions unfilled. This shortage affects operational efficiency and the ability to scale up banking services. 5. Improve Enhance the efficiency of the insolvency and bankruptcy process for quicker resolution and recovery of bad debts. Insolvency Resolution Process: CONCLUSION 5. Lack of Advanced Technology: Many PSBs still lag behind private sector banks in adopting digital banking technologies. In a 2021 report, it was found that PSBs accounted for just 14% of total digital banking transactions, while private banks accounted for over 60%. This technological gap hampers their competitiveness in the digital age. Public Sector Banks in India have made remarkable strides in recent years, achieving unprecedented financial milestones and contributing significantly to the nation’s economic stability and growth. The decline in Gross Non-Performing Assets (GNPA) and improved Capital to Risk (Weighted) Assets Ratio (CRAR) reflect the sector’s resilience and sound risk management practices. The EASE framework has been crucial in institutionalising reforms, promoting prudent lending, and leveraging technology for better banking services. The focus on financial inclusion has expanded access to banking, empowering millions with affordable credit and insurance. With a stronger financial base and improved asset quality, PSBs are well-positioned to support India’s development agenda and drive inclusive economic growth. 6. Corruption by Officials: High-profile cases like the 2018 Punjab National Bank (PNB) scam, where a $2 billion fraud was committed by a few officials in collusion with private firms, highlighted corruption issues. This case caused a major loss to the bank and dented the credibility of PSBs. 7. Interference by Political Executives: Political interference in the functioning of PSBs has been a longstanding issue. In the case of the PNB scam, there were allegations of political influence on the management of the bank, which may have contributed to weak oversight and eventual fraud. This has led to a lack of accountability and inefficiency within PSBs. Prelims Question 1. Consider the following statements: 1. The Paryatan Mitra and Paryatan Didi initiatives were launched to connect tourists with local ambassadors who promote responsible tourism. WAY FORWARD: 1. Strengthen Regulatory Frameworks: Adapt and enhance regulations to address emerging risks in the financial sector. 2. Swadesh Darshan focuses on the development of infrastructure at religious destinations and does not include the promotion of theme-based tourist circuits. 2. Focus on Digital Transformation: Leverage technology to improve customer outreach, operational efficiency, and service delivery. 3. The Dekho Apna Desh initiative aims to encourage domestic tourism by promoting local destinations through digital platforms and outreach campaigns. 3. Support for MSME and Agriculture Sectors: Increase funding and resources to promote growth and financial accessibility for MSMEs and the agricultural sector. How many of the statements given above are correct? JANUARY 2025 42

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com A. Only one 1. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) 2. EASE Framework 3. Financial Services Institutions Bureau (FSIB) 4. Sashakt Programme How many of the statements given above are correct? B. Only two C. All three D. None 2. With reference to the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), consider the following statements: A. Only one B. Only two 1. The scheme aims to enhance fish production, infrastructure, and livelihoods for the period from 2020-21 to 2024-25. C. All three D. None 2. It includes the construction of cold storage facilities for fish crops and promoting seaweed farming. Answers 3. The scheme is being implemented only in coastal states and Union Territories. 1. A 2. B 3. A 4. B How many of the above-given statements are correct? Mains Question A. Only one 1. “Evaluate the effectiveness of initiatives like Paryatan Mitra and Paryatan Didi in promoting responsible tourism and involving local communities in the sustainable development of India’s tourism sector.” B. Only two C. All three D. None 3. Consider the following statements: (250 words, 15 marks) 1. Climate change is one of the key drivers of global food insecurity, causing unpredictable weather patterns and reducing crop yields. 2. Discuss the importance of the fisheries sector in India’s economy. What are the key challenges it faces, and how can the government address them to ensure its sustainable growth? 2. Over 2.8 billion people could not afford a healthy diet in 2022, with the majority living in low-income countries. (250 words, 15 marks) 3. In light of the current global food insecurity and energy poverty crisis, discuss the interconnectedness between food security and energy access, and propose a way forward to address these challenges.” 3. The energy crisis has led to a significant increase in global access to electricity in the past decade. How many of the statements given above are correct? (250 words, 15 marks) A. Only one B. Only two 4. Public Sector Banks (PSBs) have shown a remarkable recovery in recent years, but challenges remain.” Discuss the achievements, challenges, and way forward for the Public Sector Banking sector in India. C. All three D. None 4. Consider the following initiatives introduced by the Government of India to improve the financial health of Public Sector Banks (PSBs): (250 words, 15 marks) JANUARY 2025 43

PLUTUS IAS MONTHLY CURRENT AFFAIRS www.plutusias.com ANRF. ANRF will forge collaborations among the industry, academia, and government departments and research institutions and create an interface mechanism for the participation and contribution of industries and State governments in addition to the scientific and line ministries. “Empowering Innovation: The Role of the National Re- search Foundation (NRF)” WHY IN THE NEWS? STRUCTURE OF NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION: The Anusandhan National Research Foundation is a key body that provides high-level strategic guidance for scientific research in the country. It will play a crucial role in initiating, supporting, and advancing research, innovation, and development across universities, colleges, research institutions, and R&D labs. ○ Governing Board: The Governing Board provides high-level policy guidance and strategic oversight and ensures that the NRF’s activities align with national priorities. ○ President/Chairperson: The Prime Minister of India serves as the President/Chairperson of the Governing Board. ○ Vice Presidents: Union Minister of Science and Technol- ogy Union Minister of Education ○ Member Secretary: The Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India. ○ Other Members: ○ Secretaries departments, such as: Department of Science and Technology Department of Biotechnology Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Member of NITI Aayog responsible for science and technology. The President/Chairperson can appoint additional members from diverse sectors, such as business, social sciences, and humanities. to key government WHAT IS NRF? The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) has been established with Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) 2023 Act. The ANRF aims to seed, grow and promote research and development (R&D) and foster a culture of research and innovation throughout India’s universities, colleges, research institutions, and R&D laboratories. ANRF will act as an apex body to provide high-level strategic direction of scientific research in the country as per recommendations of the National Education Policy (NEP). With the establishment of ANRF, the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) established by an act of Parliament in 2008, has been subsumed into ○ Secretaries from various central government departments, including: Higher Education Health Research Agricultural Research JANUARY 2025 44

Monthly Current Affairs 2025 Plutus IAS

Monthly Current Affairs 2025 Plutus IAS

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