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A New World of Many Cultures

Explore the impact of European exploration on the diverse cultures of Central and South America, focusing on the social, economic, and political structures. Learn about the interactions between Native Americans and the Spanish, British, and French before 1750.

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A New World of Many Cultures

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  1. A New World of Many Cultures The Convergence of Empires and Cultures (1491-1607)

  2. Essential Question • Analyze the ways in which geography affects the social, economic, and political structures of a given society.

  3. Cultures of Central and South America • Central America • Mayan (300-800A.D.) • Yucatán • Aztec (1426-1521) • Tenochtitlán • South America • Inca (1438-1533) • Andes

  4. Cultures of North America • Characteristics: • Small, semi-permanent settlements • Gender Roles: • Men: tool-making, hunting • Women: Gathering and growing crops • Language • 20 language families • Over 400 distinct dialects

  5. Southwest Settlements • Major Groups: • Hohokam • Anasazi • Pueblo • Characteristics: • Farming & Irrigation • Cave dwellings & multistoried buildings

  6. Northwest Settlements • Major Groups: • Tlingit • Chinook • Characteristics: • Permanent plank houses • Hunting, fishing, gathering • Art: carvings & totem poles

  7. Great Plains • Major Groups: • Sioux • Apache • Characteristics: • Nomadic, tepees • Hunting, tool-making • Buffalo • Some farming tribes • Impact of horse (post-European contact)

  8. Midwest Settlements • Major Groups: • Adena-Hopewell • Cahokia/Mississippian • Characteristics: • Mound builders • Large settlements

  9. Northeast Settlements • Major Groups: • Algonquins • Iroquois Confederacy • Five independent tribes • Characteristics: • Permanent • Longhouses • Three-Sister Agriculture • Tribal dominance

  10. The dawn of the 16th Century Europe Moves toward exploration

  11. Essential Questions: • What factors contributed to the growth of European exploration in the late 15th and early 16th centuries? • What impact did exploration have on both Native and European cultures?

  12. Factors Contributing to Exploration • Technology • Compass • Gunpowder • The caravel & lateen sail • Social & Cultural • Religious conflict • Christians vs. Moors in Spain • Protestant Reformation

  13. Expanding Trade • New Routes to Asia • Portuguese dominance of African routes • Prince Henry the Navigator • Vasco da Gama • Slave Trade • West Africa • Resistance

  14. Early Explorations • Columbus • Legacy • The Columbian Exchange • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) • Spain & Portugal

  15. Spanish Exploration & Conquest • Feats • “discovery” of Pacific: Balboa • Circumnavigation: Magellan • The Conquistadores • Cortés: Aztecs • Pizarro: Incas • Encomienda& casta systems* • Asientosystem

  16. English Exploration • John Cabot & Newfoundland (1497) • Sir Francis Drake vs. the Spanish Armada • The Elizabethan Age • Roanoke (1587) • Sir Walter Raleigh

  17. French Exploration • Verrazano (1524) & Cartier (1534-1542) • New York & the St. Lawrence • Champlain (1608) • Quebec • Jolliet, Marquette, & La Salle (1672-1682) • The Mississippi & Louisiana

  18. Dutch Claims • Hudson (1609) • New Amsterdam • Dutch West India Company

  19. Early Colonization Spanish Settlements in North America

  20. Spanish Settlements • Florida • St. Augustine (1565) • New Mexico • Santa Fe (1610) • Popé’s Rebellion (Pueblo Revolt – 1680) • Texas • California • San Diego (1769) • San Francisco (Presidio – 1776) • Junípero Serra & the mission system

  21. The Impact of Exploration European Treatment of Native Americans

  22. Essential Question • Analyze the cultural and economic responses of the following groups to the Native Americans of North America before 1750: • Spanish • British • French

  23. Spanish Treatment • Spanish Policy • Casta system • Mestizos & Mulattos • Las Casas vs. de Sepúlveda • La LayendaNegra • The Valladolid Debate (1550-1551)

  24. English Treatment* • Chesapeake • Anglo-Powhatan Wars (VA) • New England • Trade and coexistence • Seizure of land • King Philip’s War • Policy: Expulsion

  25. French Policy • Sought a Mutually beneficial relationship • Fur trade • Limited settlements: forts/trade outposts • Aided Huron against the Iroquois • Attempts at conversion

  26. Native American Reaction • Action • Introduction of new goods • Violent treatment and introduction of new diseases • European rivalries & warfare • Reaction • Served as motivation for interaction • Decimation and adaptation in order to survive • Began alliances w/European powers

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