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Object-Process Methodology (Cont.)

Object-Process Methodology (Cont.). The basic premise of OPM is that objects and processes are two types of equally important classes of things, that together faithfully describe both the structure and the behavior of systems in a single model in virtually any domain.

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Object-Process Methodology (Cont.)

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  1. Object-Process Methodology (Cont.) • The basic premise of OPM is that objects and processes are two types of equally important classes of things, that together faithfully describe both the structure and the behavior of systems in a single model in virtually any domain. • At any point in time, each object is at some state, and object states are transformed through the occurrence of a process. • Complexity is controlled through recursive and selective scaling (zooming) of objects and/or processes to any desired level of detail. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  2. OPM Principles • Objects and processes are the two types of equally important things (entities) required to describe a system in a single, unifying model. • Processes transform objects by changing their state. Transformation includes creation and elimination. • Scaling can be applied recursively and selectively to both objects and processes. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  3. B1 P1 T1 Objects, Processes, Things • Object - has the potential of persistent unconditionalexistence for some positive duration of time. • Process- a pattern of changing that transforms one or more objects by changing their state or by creating or destroying them. • Thing: a generalization of an object and a process. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  4. Structure • The static, relatively stable aspect of the system • Non-transient, long-term relationships among objects in the system • A snapshot of the system at a given time point that describes the state of the system - the state of each of its object • Structure is about the static aspect of the system, while behavior is about its dynamics. • Structural Relation - an association that holds between two or more things (objects and/or processes) in the system for some non-negligible time. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  5. Structural relations 1. General structural relations bi-directional structural link: unidirectional structural link: 2. Fundamental structural relations ניתוח מערכות מידע

  6. Fundamental Structural Relation • one of the following structural relations: • Aggregation-Particulation • Featuring-Characterization • Generalization-Specialization • Classification-Instantiation • Since those relations are so widespread, special symbols are assigned for their corresponding links ניתוח מערכות מידע

  7. Aggregation-Particulation: • OPL: • Image consists of Foreground and Background. • Aggregation exists between things of the same kind: • An object aggregates objects and process - processes. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  8. Featuring-Characterization Feature:a thing that characterizes a thing.Attribute:a feature which is an object.Operation:a feature which is a process (also known as method or service). ניתוח מערכות מידע • OPL: Image exhibits Name andSituation, as well as Display.

  9. B is in front of A D C Instantiation-Materialization: • Cylinder A and Cylinder B are instances of Cylinder. • Box C and Box D are instances of Box. • Box C is in front of Box D. • Box D is in front of Cylinder B. • Box D is right of Cylinder A. • Cylinder A is left of Cylinder B. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  10. Generalization-Specialization: • a structural relation that defines the relation between a general things and its specializations. • also known as gen-spec; • induces inheritance • Symbol: An object generalizes objects and process - processes. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  11. Camera uses Case Capturing- Medium holds Lens is attached-to Analog- Camera Electronic- Camera uses Focal- length Operation- mode Photographic Film Magnetic Tape uses Structural links: an example ניתוח מערכות מידע

  12. Procedural links • Procedural linkis a link that connects a process with an object that is involved in the occurrence of that process. There are two types of procedural links: • Enabling linkis a procedural link that connects a process with an Enabler of that process. • Transformationlinkis a procedural link that connects a process with a Transformed object of that process. • OPL: Procedural link generalizes Enabling link and Transformationlink. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  13. Enablers • Enabler of a process is an object that must be present in order for that process to occur but is not transformed by the process. • An enabler is a role that an object assumes with respect to a particular process. • Two Enabler types: • OPL: Enabler generalizes Agent and Instrument. • Agent: an intelligent enabler, which can control the process it enables by exercising common sense or goal-oriented considerations. • Instrument: any non-agent enabler. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  14. Enabler Examples • Agents: human, organization, a unit within a man-made organization, such as department, city council, government, team, company, brigade. • Not any human or organization is necessarily an agent. • Instruments:machines, tools, computers, robots, hardware, software, documents, orders, recipes, algorithms, files, information, data and commands ניתוח מערכות מידע

  15. Transformation links • Effectlinkis a transformation link that connects a process with its affected object or with the affected object states. • Consumptionlinkis a transformation link that connects a process with a consumed object of that process. • Resultlinkis a transformation link that connects a process with a resulting object of that process. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  16. Scene Imaging- Device Imaging Image The Imaging System: Top-level OPD Object-Process Diagram (OPD) An OPD is a diagram showing the objects and processes in the system, or part of it, at some level of detail, along with the structural and procedural relations among them. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  17. Scene Imaging- Imaging Device Image Camera Range- Sensor Case Film Lens The Imaging System: Imaging-Device unfolded ניתוח מערכות מידע

  18. Scene Imaging- Imaging Device Camera Range- Image Sensor Photography Range- Sensing The Imaging System: Imaging unfolded ניתוח מערכות מידע

  19. Scene Imaging- Device Imaging Camera Range- Sensor Photography Range- Sensing Image Range- Photographic- Image Image The Imaging System: Image unfolded The OPD shows both the static structure and the dynamic behavior of the system in one model. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  20. Status and State • State is a situation at which the object can exist for some time. • Status is an attribute of an object whose values are states. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  21. Status Representations ניתוח מערכות מידע Implicit Status Representation Explicit Status Representation

  22. The effect of Process on Object • Left: Lamp can be off or on. • Lighting changes Lamp from on to of. • Right: Lamp exhibits Status. • Status can be off or on. • Lighting changes Status of Lamp from off to on. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  23. Scaling: a complexity management tool • Scaling (zooming)- the mechanism of exposing more or less details of the system. This enables shifting the focus of interest from one thing to another without loosing the “big picture”. • Each scaling yields a new OPD. • The entire system is represented by the OPD set, in which each OPD is some view emphasizing part of the system. • Scaling up: zooming in; detailing; showing more details of a thing. • Scaling down: zooming out; abstracting; showing less details of a thing. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  24. Types of Scaling • Unfolding - uses , , or , any general structural link, or state expression. Reverse direction:Folding. • Zooming-in - the frame of the thing is blown up and inner details are exposed. Reverse direction:Zooming-out. ניתוח מערכות מידע

  25. B1 B1 B1.1 B1 P1.1 B1.2 P1.1 B1.1 B1.2 Unfolding of B1 Zooming into B1 Two Types of Scaling: scaling of an object ניתוח מערכות מידע

  26. Computerized Numeric Control (CNC) Machine Flange Operator Drilling Disk The Flange Drilling System Legend Object Process Transformation link Agent link Instrument link ניתוח מערכות מידע

  27. Control Drilling Structural Links:aggregation as an example CNC Machine Legend Controller Metal Object Cutting Unit Process Transformation link Agent link Flange Operator Instrument link Aggregation ניתוח מערכות מידע Disk

  28. Command Generation Drilling Zooming into Control CNC Machine Legend Object Process Transformation link Controller Agent link Control Metal Instrument link Command Cutting Unit Aggregation Command Blow-up frame Control Transfer ניתוח מערכות מידע Flange Operator Disk

  29. on CNC on CNC Feed Make Holes Remove The time line flows from top to bottom Disk Legend Flange Object Metal Cutting Unit Process Location Transformation link Location on in stack Agent link on out stack Instrument link Drilling Characterization Blow-up frame Attribute value Initial state ניתוח מערכות מידע Operator Final state

  30. Automated Telling Machine (ATM) System ניתוח מערכות מידע

  31. Transaction Execution zoomed-in ניתוח מערכות מידע

  32. Account Checking blown up ניתוח מערכות מידע

  33. Transaction Processing zoomed-in ניתוח מערכות מידע

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