Civil War

1. Civil War By: Mrs. Brown and Ms. Reardon September/October 2008

2. Fifth Grade Standards • SS5H1: The Civil War: The student will explain the causes, major events, and consequences of the Civil • SS5H1.aIdentify Uncle Tom's Cabin and John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry and explain how each of these events was related to the Civil War • SS5H1.bDiscuss how the issues of states' rights and slavery increased tensions between the North and South • SS5H1.c Identify major battles and campaigns: Fort Sumter, Gettysburg, the Atlanta Campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea, and Appomattox Court House. • SS5H1.d Describe the roles of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. • SS5H1.e Describe the effects of war on the North and the South. • SS5H2: Reconstruction: The student will analyze the effects of Reconstruction on American Life • SS5H2.a Describe the purpose of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. • SS5H2.b Explain the work of the Freedmen's Bureau. • SS5H2.c Explain how slavery was replaced by sharecropping and how African-Americans were prevented from exercising their newly won rights; include a discussion of Jim Crow laws and customs.

3. Essential Questions • What were the causes of the Civil War? • What important events happened during the Civil War? • What were the effects of the Civil War?

4. Northern Team Jordan Evan Brianna Patrick Ashleigh Bryce Laura Jonathan Rebekah Madison Bennett Esther Lindsey Thomas Griffin Christina Afi Southern Team Aubrie Sarah B. Kaitlin Ashley Marshall Madie Sarah R. Justin Caroline Our Class: The North versus the South

5. Northern States vs. Southern States

6. The War Against Northern Aggression The War for Constitutional Liberty The War for Southern Independence The War Between the States The War for States’ Rights Mr. Lincoln’s War The War for the Union The Southern Rebellion The War to Suppress Yankee Arrogance The Brothers’ War The War of Succession The War for Southern Nationality The War Against Slavery The War of the Sixties The Yankee Invasion The War for Abolition Other Names for the Civil War

7. The Civil War – Differences • Differences between the North and the South • North • Many factories (100,000) (industrial) • Also had mines, farms, and businesses • People moving from rural lands to the cities • Immigrants • Larger population (19 million) • Outlawed slavery in 1846

8. The Civil War – Differences • South • Although there were factories, there weren’t as many as the North (20,000) (agricultural) • Smaller population (11 million, 4 million of those were slaves) • Most Southerners still depended on farming to earn a living • COTTON, rice, tobacco, sugarcane

9. Cotton Gin • South: needed slaves to work the cotton gin (invented by Eli Whitney) • The cotton gin was very important in farming cotton • Helped to remove the cotton seeds quickly • This meant that the South could produce cotton more quickly which meant more MONEY • Without slaves to work the cotton gins, the South would not be able to produce as much cotton

10. Differences Between the North and South Northern States Southern States

11. Causes of the Civil War: The Issue of Slavery • North • Thought slavery was wrong • Could not make money using slaves because the cost of feeding, clothing, and housing slaves was expensive • People were not property, they deserved the same rights as everyone else

12. Causes of the Civil War: The Issue of Slavery • South • Slave owners depended on the work of slaves • Slaves worked as miners, carpenters, factory workers, and house servants • Most slaves worked on large plantations where they worked in the fields • Not every white Southerner owned slaves (most did not!)

13. Underground Railroad • Formed by Harriet Tubman • Maryland slave who ran away • Helped more than 300 slaves escape • Large reward offered for her capture, but she never was captured

14. Underground Railroad • Not really underground or a railroad • Transported slaves to freedom through a series of “stations” and were led by a secret “conductors” • Move slaves from states where slavery was legal to states where slavery was illegal • Slaves would hide in houses and receive secret codes to find the next “station” • Most of the houses or businesses that were “stations” were owned by free slaves and white abolitionists • Slaves traveled at night by walking or riding from one place to another until they crossed the border into a free state • Most slaves wanted to go to Canada because they refused to deport escaped slaves • If a slave got caught he could face prison time or even death • Anyone who helped slaves become free could also face prison time or death if they were caught

15. Helpers along the way provided food, shelter, clothing, and money to escaping slaves The entire escape would take days and weeks to complete Underground Railroad

16. A secret song that helped slaves escaped Contained directions to follow instructions and a map to their next destination Drinking gourd = hollowed out gourd used for drinking water The song, entitled "Follow the Drinking Gourd," refers to the constellation called the Big Dipper, whose end stars, the "pointers," guide one's gaze to Polaris, the North Star Follow the Drinking Gourd

17. Causes of the War – States’ Individual Rights • 10th Amendment to the Constitution: • “The Powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” • North and South couldn’t agree on what the 10th Amendment meant

18. South Thought that individual states should have more power Wanted to allow states to make their own laws (such as slavery laws) Thought states could CHOOSE which federal laws to obey Believed states could break away (secede) from the Union North Supported the federal government States had to obey all the laws passed by the federal government Thought the federal government should control all states (no individual rights) Believed states could not secede from the Union Causes of the Civil War – States Rights

19. Causes of the Civil War - Economics • North • Had factories, farms, mines, and businesses to keep its economy going (diverse) • Wanted tariffs in order to make improvements to roadways, canals, etc. • Had more banks, were able to collect interest • Taxed less

20. Causes of the Civil War - Economics • South • Depended on farming as its main economy • Did not want to pay taxes (tariffs) on foreign products because they felt it was unfair since they imported more products than the North • Taxes placed on products exported to foreign products • Paid higher interest rates on loans from banks

21. North Slavery: Against slavery States’ Rights: Up to the National Government Economics: North had more money, controlled most banks, collected tariffs on traded goods South Slavery: Needed slaves for farming States’ Rights: Up to the individual state Economics: South had less money, had less control over banks/money, and had to pay tariffs to the North Causes of the Civil War – A Summary

22. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Anti-slavery book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe • Describes the cruel life of a slave, Tom • Huge impact on the views of slavery

23. Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry • John Brown was an abolitionist • In 1859, he took control of U.S. military weapons (located at Harpers Ferry) in order to take a stand against slavery • Thought people would join him, especially slaves, but that didn’t happen • Military captured Brown and sentenced him to death • Abolitionists thought his death meant that slavery was supported by the government and Brown became a martyr

24. Abraham Lincoln Some southern states said that if Lincoln was elected, they would secede from the Union Elected in November 1860 Became president in 1861 16th President Republican Republicans were against slavery, but Lincoln said that he would allow slave states to remain slave states and free states to remain free states, but any new states would be free states Lincoln said he hoped slavery would eventually stop in the south President throughout the Civil War United States Elects a New President

25. Southern States Secede • South Carolina (1st state to secede) • “We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in Convention assembled, do declare and ordain that the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States under the name ‘The United States of America’ is hereby dissolved.” (Declaration of the Causes of Secession)

26. Southern States Secede • The Charleston Mercury Newspaper Reported: • “On yesterday, the 20th of December, 1860, just before one o’clock p.m., the Ordinance of secession was presented…upon the announcement…that South Carolina was no longer a member of the Federal Union, loud shouts of joy rent the air. The enthusiasm was unsurpassed. Old men went shouting down the streets…and bright triumph was depicted on every countenance.”

27. “Bonnie Blue Flag” First gallant South Carolina, nobly made the stand, Then came Alabama with Mississippi close at hand, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas joined the fight, Along came brave Virginia, seceding for her rights.

28. “Bonnie Blue Flag” Then cheer, boys, cheer and raise a joyous shout, Arkansas and North Carolina now have both gone out. Tennessee’s another light to shine in Southern heavens, The Union of Confederate States has grown to be ELEVEN.

29. “Bonnie Blue Flag” Refrain: Hurrah, hurrah for Southern rights, hurrah! Hurrah for the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star.

30. “Bonnie Blue Flag” As long as the Union was faithful to her trust, Like neighbors, friends and brethren, kind we were and just; But when the Southern way of life, you attempt to mar, We hoist on high the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star.

31. “Bonnie Blue Flag” We are a band of brothers and native to the land, Like patriots of old, our heritage so grand, And when our rights were threatened, the cry rose near and far, Hurrah for the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star.

32. “Bonnie Blue Flag” Refrain: Hurrah, hurrah for Southern rights, hurrah! Hurrah for the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star.

33. Mississippi Florida Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas Virginia Arkansas North Carolina Tennessee Together these 11 states would make up the Confederate States of America Southern States Secede

34. Jefferson Davis Attended West Point Plantation owner in Mississippi Representative and Senator (strongly supported Southern causes, including slavery) President of the Confederate States of America

35. Fort Sumter • The South now believed that anything in the South was theirs, including forts • April 12, 1861 • Confederates (South) opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina • Union (North) surrendered after 34 hours of fighting because they ran out of ammunition, the South gained Fort Sumter • Fort Sumter is important because it marks the beginning of the Civil War

36. Fort Sumter – 1860

37. Fort Sumter - 1861

38. Fort Sumter – Today

39. Famous Leaders of the Civil War (Union) • Ulysses S. Grant • General in the Union Army • Attended West Point • Although never a strong student, he proved to be a strong leader • Elected president in 1868

40. George B. McClellan Lincoln thought McClellan would bring a quick end to the war McClellan’s arrogance got in the way and he began to make bad choices Eventually ran for president against Abraham Lincoln but lost William Sherman Was a successful leader because he split the Confederacy apart (Sherman’s March to the Sea) Famous Leaders of the Civil War (Union)

41. Robert E. Lee General in the Confederate Army Turned down command of the Union army to support his home state of Virginia West Point graduate Famous Leaders of the Civil War (Confederate)

42. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Officer in the Confederate army Given the nickname “Stonewall” because he was tough to beat President Jefferson Davis and Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson Famous Leaders of the Civil War (Confederate)

43. First Battle of Bull Run • July 21, 1861 • Fought near a creek called “Bull Run” in Virginia • First real battle of the war • Northerners thought this would be a quick battle that would end the war • People came from all around to watch the battle • Confederate troops won

44. First Battle of Bull Run

45. Second Battle of Bull Run • August 26 – September 1, 1862 • Also fought near Bull Run Creek in Virginia • Confederate troops won again, even though Union troops had more soldiers • Confederate troops had better leaders and were better at planning than the North

46. Battle of Antietam • September 17, 1862 • Single bloodiest day of fighting in the Civil War • More than 27,000 casualties • Union victory • Led Lincoln to declare his Emancipation Proclamation

47. Emancipation Proclamation • January 1, 1863 • Freed slaves in the South • Began by declaring freedom for all escaped slaves • Then moved to include all slaves in areas taken over by the Union army • Nearly all slaves were freed by July 1865

48. Battle of Gettysburg • July 1 – 3, 1863 • Fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania • Both sides lost many men • Put a quick end to the second (and final) Confederate invasion of the North • Confederate troops retreated back to Virginia, losing the battle and many men

49. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address • November 19, 1863 • Abraham Lincoln’s speech was given during his dedication of a cemetery at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania • Wanted to bring equality to all citizens, grant new freedoms • Ensure that our government was “of the people, by the people, for the people”

50. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address "Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth."