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I. The Middle East, Post War II. The Middle East, continued III. Africa IV. Latin America: Reform, Repression or Revolt

I. The Middle East, Post War II. The Middle East, continued III. Africa IV. Latin America: Reform, Repression or Revolt. (B. The Arab-Israeli Conflict) 1967, UN Resolution 242 recognizes Israel orders return of lands Soviet Union aids Arab states US aids Israel and Arab states

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I. The Middle East, Post War II. The Middle East, continued III. Africa IV. Latin America: Reform, Repression or Revolt

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  1. I. The Middle East, Post War II. The Middle East, continued III. Africa IV. Latin America: Reform, Repression or Revolt Brummett, et al Civilization, Past & Present

  2. (B. The Arab-Israeli Conflict) • 1967, UN Resolution 242 • recognizes Israel • orders return of lands • Soviet Union aids Arab states • US aids Israel and Arab states • Yom Kippur War, 1973 • Soviets and US square off • 1974, Egyptian-Israeli agreement • C. Oil Politics • 1933, Ibn Sa’ud • concession to Amoco • OPEC • Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela • Embargo, 1973 • I. The Middle East, Post-War • A. Decolonization • Egypt • Gamal Abdel Nasser • overthrows King Faruq • > Republic, 1953 • control of Suez • B. The Arab-Israeli Conflict • Arab League • rejects partition • May, 1948, Israel • 1967, Nasser • threatens war • defeated by Israel • 1964, Palestinian Liberation Organization

  3. II. The Middle East, continued • A. Egyptian-Israeli Détente • 1977, Anwar Sadat • peace talks with Israel • Camp David, 1978 • President Carter • Menachim Begin • Anwar Sadat • Sinai returned to Egypt • > Egypt expelled from Arab League

  4. C. The Iranian Revolution • US v. Soviets • Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi • Iranian Communist party (Tudeh) • Mohammad Mosaddeq, Prime Minister • 1978, student demonstrations • > 1979, Shah flees • Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini • returns, rules • Western trends reversed • Sharia reimposed • Iran-Iraq war • 1980, Hussein attacks Iran • 1989, armistice • 1997, Mohammad Khatami • move to West • re-elected, 2001 • II. The Middle East, continued • B. Turkey and Lebanon • Turkey • early independence • 1946, multiparty elections • 1990s • Tansu Ciller, first female premier • Necmettin Erbakan, first Islamist • Refah party • Islamic reform • outlawed, 1998 • Islamist Justice and Development Party • moderate • 2002, 2/3’s majority • Recep Erdogan premier • Lebanon • French mandate • PLO’s headquarters • Druze • from Shi’ites • 1981, PLO attacks Israel • Beirut attacked

  5. II. The Middle East, continued • D. Toward a New Balance • Egypt • Anwar Sadat • Muslim Brotherhood • Hosni Mubarak • Saddam Hussein • 1990, Kuwait attacked • UN response • Jordan, PLO aid Iraq • 1991, Iraq bombed • 2003, overthrown • 1993, Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin • five-year plan • 1995, Rabin assassinated • 2001, World Trade Center attacked • E. Islamist Factions • Hamas • rejects Israel • Al-Qaeda • Osama Bin Laden

  6. III. Africa • A. Trends • 1950s, 1960s, independence for many • Organization of African Unity • founded, 1963 • 1980s, second wave of independence • Capitalism v. communism, socialism • Neocolonialism • ties remain with colonizers • IMF • Structural Adjustment Programs • market model • AIDS

  7. III. Africa • A. Trends • 1950s, 1960s, independence for many • Organization of African Unity • founded, 1963 • 1980s, second wave of independence • Capitalism v. communism, socialism • Neocolonialism • ties remain with colonizers • IMF • Structural Adjustment Programs • market model • AIDS

  8. (B. North Africa) • Libya • Muammar al-Qadhaffi • 1969, overthrows monarchy • inspired by Nasser • Jamahiriya • socialism + Islam • 1977, “Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya” • III. Africa • B. North Africa • Tunisia, Morocco • 1956, independence • Algeria • Front for National Liberation (FLN) • Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) • 1992 elections • 1995, General Liamine Zéroual North Africa, 2004

  9. C. Middle Africa • Ghana • 1957, Kwame Nkrumah • prime minister • > dictator • 1966, coup • > military rule • 1969, elections restored • 2000, John Kufuor • Nigeria • 1960, independence • 1966, military coup • 1967, Republic of Biafra • secession • Olesegun Obasanjo • elected 1993, 2003 Middle Africa, 2004

  10. III. Africa • Democratic Republic of Congo • 1960, independence • Joseph Mobutu Sese Seko (1930-97) • coup, 1965 • > Zaïre • Laurent Kabila • uprising, 1997 The Democratic Republic of Congo, 2004

  11. III. Africa • B. Northeastern Africa • Ethiopia • Haile Selassie • 1973, famine • military coup, 1974 • Mengistu Haile Meriam • > socialism • Dergue, council • Somalia • Siad Barré, from Maréhan clan • 1991, civil war • > famine • Rwanda • Hutus v. Tutsis • 1974, Juvenal Habyarimana • Hutu • 1990, Tutsi rebels from Uganda • > civil war • Hutu massacre of Tutsis, 1994 • Paul Kagame Northeastern Africa, 2004

  12. C. Southern Africa • 1974, Portuguese coup • > independence for colonies • Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau • Angola • National Union for the Total Independence of Angola • (UNITA) • aided by US • Movement for the Popular Liberation of Angola (MPLA) • aided by Soviet Union and Cuba • Zimbabwe • 1960s, rebellion against white rule • Joshua Nkomo, Robert Mugabe • boycott 1978 elections • > new elections, 1980 • Mugabe president Africa, 2004

  13. III. Africa • C. Southern Africa • South Africa • 1948, apartheid • Population Registration Act • Group Areas Act • based on Bantustans • Protest • 1956, women’s march, Pretoria • 1976, student protests • 1989, F. W. de Klerk • legalizes banned parties • frees Nelson Mandela • 1994, free elections • Mandela elected president • 1999, 2004 • Thabo Mbeki president • Namibia • 1966, South Africa’s mandate ended • South-West Africa Peoples’ Organization • (SWAPO) Southern Africa, 2004

  14. IV. Latin America: Reform, Repression or Revolt • A. The Perils of the Postwar Era • Debt • 1970: $27.6 billion • 1980: $231 • 1990: $417.6 • Drug trade • B. The Yankee Factor • Organization of American States • 1948 • 35 countries • Alliance for Progress • John F. Kennedy • economic support • 1978, Panama Canal Zone treaty • to Panama, 1999 • 1989, U.S. invasion of Panama • C. South America • Brazil • Juscelino Kubitshek • João Goulart, 1961-64 • Fernando Cardoso, 1994, 1998 • Argentina • Juan Perón • Perónistas • 1976, military rule • disparados • Mothers of the Plaza del Mayo • 1989, Carlos Menem • 1999, Fernando de la Rúa • 2001, resigns • bankruptcy

  15. IV. Latin America: Reform, Repression or Revolt • D. The Caribbean • Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom) • Jamaica • mixed economy • Jamaican Labour Party (JLP) • People’s National Party (PNP) • Michael Manley • Edward Seaga, JLP • 1989, Manley reelected • 1992, Percival Patterson • Cuba • Fulgensio Batista • 1934-58 • 1953, Fidel Castro • Communist • 1990s, opening • (D. The Caribbean) • Haiti • 1957, François Duvalier • (Papa Doc) • Tontons Macoutes • 1971, Jean-Claude Duvalier • (Baby Doc) • 1986, forced out of office • 1991, Jean-Bertrand Aristide • expelled • > UN embargo • > reprisals • 1994, Aristide returned

  16. IV. Latin America: Reform, Repression or Revolt • E. Mexico and Central America • MexicoPartido Revolucionaro Institucional • (PRI) • North American Free Trade Association • (NAFTA) • 1997, PRI loses majority of congress • 2000, Vicente Fox Quesada • Alliance for Change • Nicaragua • Somosa Family • dictators, 1937-79 Sandinista National Liberation Front • 1984, Daniel Ortega • 2001 Enrique Bolaños • El Salvador • 1973, Napoleon Duarte • > death squads • 1991, peace agreement

  17. Borders and Realities: The UN Partition Plan

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