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Final Exam

Study the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion in the human body. Learn about nutrient transport, regulation, and the anatomy of key digestive organs. Stay updated with the official online syllabus.

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Final Exam

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  1. Please note that only the online course syllabus version is the official version. Please check the online version periodically to make sure that you have the most recent information.

  2. Final Exam -3 hours 120 multiple choice (all lectures after 17 February to the last lecture of the course inclusive) -4 short answer Questions (15 points each) (all lectures for course)

  3. Lecture 3 INGESTION/DIGESTION/ ABSORPTION/TRANSPORT/ METABOLISM/EXCRETION 14 JANUARY 2019

  4. Overview of lecture 3 1)INGESTION 2) DIGESTION 3)ABSORPTION 4)TRANSPORT 5) METABOLISM 6) EXCRETION 7)REGULATION OF IDATME

  5. INGESTION • mouth- chewing and swallowing • oral or nasal tube • intravenous

  6. DIGESTION -process by which food is broken down into absorbable units -muscular action of digestion -peristalsis -stomach action-churning -segmentation –small intestine -sphincters-opening and closing valves http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=1&debug=0 -secretions of digestion

  7. Fig. 3-1, p. 71

  8. Digestive glands and their secretions (enzymes) • -saliva • -gastric – water, HCl and pepsin-proteins • -pancreatic juice/intestinal enzymes • carbohydrases • lipases • proteases

  9. file:///D:/Media/Animations/chapter3/Digestive_Sandwich/0308.htmlfile:///D:/Media/Animations/chapter3/Digestive_Sandwich/0308.html Link only available in class

  10. Absorption • I) DEFINE-passage of nutrients from gi tract into blood or lymph • A) simple diffusion-water, small lipids/fat soluble vitamins • B) facilitated diffusion-fructose/water soluble vitamins • C) active transport-glucose/amino acids • do not confuse simple and facilitated diffusion or active transport with the transport discussed below • II) ANATOMY-goblet cells/crypts/villiand microvilli

  11. Fig. 3-10, p. 79

  12. Transport • defined • getting nutrients, via blood or • lymphatic systems, to where needed, • when needed, in the form needed • and in the correct quantities needed. • WWFQ

  13. ANATOMY OF TRANSPORT TWO ROUTES -BLOOD AND LYMPH

  14. ANATOMY OF TRANSPORT BLOOD ROUTE Heart to artery to capillaries (intestine) to vein to capillaries (liver)-in liver get detoxification and preparation of nutrients for body use-vein to heart from liver for distribution to the rest of the body . water soluble nutrients and smaller products of fat digestion go this route

  15. ANATOMY OF TRANSPORT LYMPH ROUTE Lymph (tissue spaces to blood) intestine to heart directly for distribution to rest of body-larger fat digestion products and fat soluble vitamins ADEK use this route

  16. file:///D:/Media/Animations/chapter3/Vascular_System/311.htmlfile:///D:/Media/Animations/chapter3/Vascular_System/311.html • Link only available in class

  17. METABOLISM collection of all the reactions and their regulation that go on in the body constant anabolism and catabolism

  18. METABOLISM ANABOLISM – BUILDING UP eg -amino acids to protein into muscle -glucose into glycogen -(carbohydrate storage) -fatty acids into triglycerides (fat storage)

  19. METABOLISM CATABOLISM- TEARING DOWN eg -muscle to protein to amino acids -carbohydrate (glycogen into glucose) -triglycerides into fatty acids

  20. METABOLISM ANABOLISM AND CATABOLISM -assisted by vitamins, minerals -water used in some catabolic reactions to split molecules -water formed by catabolism sometimes -water formed in some anabolic reactions

  21. Fig. 10-13, p. 347

  22. Fig. 10-13, p. 347

  23. Fig. 10-13, p. 347

  24. Excretion-in whole or as a metabolite -urine-protein (urea), minerals, water, carbohydrate, vitamins -feces-carbohydrates, lipid, vitamins, protein,water, minerals -sweat-minerals,water -saliva?-minerals?, carbohydrates?, lipids?, protein?, water?, vitamins? -breathing-O2 andCO2

  25. Regulation of IDATME -all hinges on homeostasis- define- -maintenance of constant internal conditions -can be disrupted by physical immaturity, aging, illness, nutrition

  26. Regulation of IDATME INGESTION FOOD INTO BODY- demanded by hunger signals (really metabolic signals) indicating dropping supplies of nutrients INGESTION REGULATION LEADS TO DIGESTION REGULATION

  27. Regulation of IDATME DIGESTION -e.g. stomach pH homeostasis – pH 1.5 hormonal/neuronal regulation- -important for digestion

  28. Regulation of IDATME Digestion regulation continued Pyloric sphincter hold food ready for duodenum duodenum has pH sensors -too acid-close pyloric sphincter and bicarbonate added to chyme making chyme neutral and then pyloric sphincter opens again why? -pH important for enzyme function

  29. Fig. 3-1, p. 71

  30. Regulation of IDATME Digestion regulation continued -hormonal regulation of 3 types of enzymes- type and amount of enzymes from pancreas -bile-fat emulsion-amount under hormonal regulation -fat slows peristalsis-hormonal -also neuronal regulation of peristalsis -digestion regulation leads to absorption regulation

  31. Regulation of IDATME Absorption (transport across the small intestine into blood or lymph) -simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

  32. Regulation of IDATME ABSORPTION -simple - move with concentration gradient (regulation- high in small intestine and low on other side) – e.g. water and small lipids go across this way -facilitated - move with concentration gradient- high in small intestine and low on other side-presence of carrier (regulation -amount and activity of carrier)- e.g. fructose and water soluble vitamins go across this way.

  33. Regulation of IDATME ABSORPTION continued -active - move against a concentration gradient low in small intestine and high on other side - a carrier and energy required (regulation-amount and activity of carrier and sufficient energy) -e.g. calcium, amino acids and glucose go across this way.

  34. REGULATION OF IDATME ABSORPTION REGULATION LEADS TO TRANSPORT REGULATION

  35. Regulation of IDATME Metabolism -enzymes run the show -enzymes in humans are proteins (always) that allow reactions to go faster than they would without the enzymes -supply of and demand for metabolic products control enzymatic rates -high demand with low supply leads to faster enzymatic rates -low demand with high supply leads to slower enzymatic rates -metabolism regulation leads to excretion regulation

  36. Regulation of IDATME Excretion -dumping of metabolic waste products -primarily done by liver and kidneys and intestine ultimately regulates ingestion since retention of metabolic waste products variously upsets metabolism and may make one feel bloated or nauseous with possible vomiting

  37. Regulation of IDATME • ingestion regulates digestion • digestion regulates absorption • absorption regulates transport • transport regulates metabolism • metabolism regulates excretion • excretion regulates ingestion So we have now gone full circle

  38. Summary of lecture 3 1)INGESTION 2) DIGESTION 3)ABSORPTION 4)TRANSPORT 5) METABOLISM 6) EXCRETION 7)REGULATION OF IDATME NEXT LECTURE - 16 JANUARY- Canada’s food guide and DRIs, food labels six dietary principles, physical activity guidelines

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