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EOC Packet #1

EOC Packet #1. Basic Information . Six Elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorous. Molecule. Smallest representative piece of a compound Example: Water, carbon dioxide. Organic Compounds:. Must contain carbon Examples: nucleic acids, protein, carbohydrates, lipids, .

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EOC Packet #1

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  1. EOC Packet #1

  2. Basic Information • Six Elements: • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen • Sulfur • Phosphorous

  3. Molecule • Smallest representative piece of a compound • Example: Water, carbon dioxide

  4. Organic Compounds: • Must contain carbon • Examples: nucleic acids, protein, carbohydrates, lipids,

  5. Enzymes • Examples of proteins • Job is to catalyze a reaction • Temperature, pH, substrate/enzyme concentration • Active site of enzyme matches up with substrate shape • Breakdown of food (example: break down of lactose by lactase); Cell respiration; DNA Replication

  6. Basic Information • Homeostasis: maintaining a constant environment • Temperature, pH, amount of sugar • Water- helps provide homeostasis in the body; absorbs water soluble substances; excretion of wastes; osmotic balance

  7. Cells regulate the flow of molecules in and out of the cell using the CELL MEMBRANE • DIFFUSION is the process that moves solutes from high concentration to low concentration. • OSMOSIS is the process that moves water from hypotonic (low solute/high water) areas to hypertonic (high solute/low water) areas • ACTIVE TRANSPORT is a process that requires energy to move charged ions through the membrane.

  8. Membrane’s Function • It is selectively permeable so it only allows certain things to enter and exit the cell • Once inside the cell different molecules can be used for different purposes. • Sugars are used by the cellfor cell respiration • Proteins are broken down into subunits called amino acids and used to build new proteins

  9. Cells…. • Cells are made of many small structures called ORGANELLES each of which has a specific job. List several jobs performed by the parts of the cells: • Make proteins (ribosomes); transport (ER); storage (vacuole)  • When do Cells divide? During mitosis • How do cells ensure that the new cells will have all the same information that the old cells do? • S PHASE OF INTERPHASE REPLICATES DNA SO A COPY OF DNA WILL GO INTO THE NEW CELL • If each cell has an identical copy of the DNA, how do we get specialized cells that are different like liver cells, lung cells and skin cells? • Same DNA but has access to different proteins

  10. The process by which cells become specialized is called DIFFERENTIATION • What happens between each cell division to prevent cells from becoming smaller and smaller? • INTERPHASE SO CELL GROWS DURING G1 • After fertilization, what happens to the zygote (the fertilized egg)? • GOES THROUGH CLEAVAGE • What causes the individual cells in the embryo to differentiate? • CHEMICALS WITHIN THE GENES HAVE ON/OFF SIGNALS

  11. Body cells or autosomes have two times the amount of chromosomes than sex cells. • Example: sperm/egg cell has 23 chromosomes while body cells have 46 chromosomes • Mistakes during mitosis and meiosis lead to different problems. • Which one is more likely to lead to a defect in the entire body of an organism? • Meiosis • Which one is more likely to lead to a defect in a single body part? • Mitosis

  12. : • Mutations: change in a DNA sequence • Causes: UV light, Cancer, Smoking • Pathogens: anything that causes a disease • Causes: viruses like influenza, mumps

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