Evolution

1. Home Back to evolution Evolution • Go to: Natural selection • Go to: Relatedness • Go to: Plant and animal adaptations • Go to: Time scales and fossils

2. The common purple snail (Janthina janthina) feeds on jellyfish. This snail spends its entire life floating upside down in the open ocean, suspended just below the surface by a raft of air bubbles. The shell has a distinctive two-tone violet color. The base, which is directed toward the surface, is deep violet in color. The top, which is directed downward, is a lighter shade of purple. Viewed from above the water’s surface, the shell blends in with the dark blue of the deep sea. Viewed from below, the shell is difficult to see against a light-blue sky. Home Back to evolution Natural selection has most likely favored the shell color of the common purple snail as a response to — A predation B competition C average water temperature D jellyfish population density

3. Which of these conclusions can be made based on the graphs shown above? A Larger mosquitoes have migrated into the area. B Smaller mosquitoes are being eaten by larger mosquitoes. C A mosquito length of 2 cm has become a disadvantage in this environment. D Mosquitoes with a body length of 3 cm have the longest life span. Back to evolution Home In 10 years time, the 2 cm mosquitoes were naturally selected out of the population. 15

4. Home Back to evolution Since the 1940s, chemical insecticides have been used to control insects in an effort to limit crop damage and the spread of insect-carried diseases. Chemical control efforts fail, however, when insect pests become resistant to insecticides. The increase in the number of insecticide-resistant insect species is mainly a result of — A natural selection B learned behavior C geographic isolation D asexual reproduction

5. Home Back to evolution A plant has a change in its DNA that makes it more resistant to a species of harmful bacteria. What will most likely happen as a result of this mutation? A The plant will not survive long enough to reproduce. B The species of harmful bacteria will become extinct. C Over time the number of resistant plants will increase. D Over time the number of harmful bacteria will increase.

6. Home Back to evolution Which best explains why natural selection might favor carnivores whose muscle cells could use lactic-acid fermentation as well as cellular respiration? A On high mountains where oxygen levels are low, the carnivores could use carbon dioxide as an energy source. B During winter months when prey is difficult to find, the carnivores could produce their own food from their muscle cells. C The carnivores could obtain energy faster during a high-stress situation, such as fighting off a predator’s attack. D The carnivores could continue to chase prey even if their breathing rate could not keep pace with their muscles’ demand for oxygen.

7. Home The maps below show the geographic ranges of four species of the order Lagomorpha, which includes rabbits and hares. In which range would developing white fur in winter most likely not be an advantage for a member of this order? Back to evolution There’s never any snow here. 12

8. The table shows a comparison of some amino acids found in cytochrome c. The two organisms in the table that are most closely related are — A Q and T B R and S C Q and R D Q and S Home Back to evolution 53

9. Rows 1,2,3 are the same. Eliminate Organism T Count differences between Q and R Q and S R and S Home Back to evolution R and S = Differences of 9% Q & R = Differences in 3% Q and S = Differences in 6%

10. The table shows a comparison of some amino acids found in cytochrome c. The two organisms in the table that are most closely related are — A Q and T B R and S C Q and R D Q and S Home Back to evolution 53

11. Home These rows are the same. Difference of 7 Most different Difference of 4 The table shows an amino acid comparison of cytochrome c, a protein involved in cellular respiration in aerobic organisms. The two organisms in the table that are least genetically related are the — A silkworm moth and the fruit fly B silkworm moth and the screwworm fly C fruit fly and the screwworm fly D fruit fly and the hornworm moth 21

12. Home Back to evolution Which statement about the evolutionary history of jawed fishes is supported by the diagram? A Jawless fishes became extinct after jawed fishes evolved. B The first amphibians were direct descendants of lungfish. C Ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes have a common ancestor. D Sturgeon are more closely related to sharks than to coelacanths.

13. Home Back to evolution This diagram shows the biochemical pathway that produces arginine in Neurospora, a mold. Neurospora is easily grown on a simple jelly-like medium. Different substances can be added to the medium. A mutant Neurospora lacking Enzyme Y would have to have which of these added to its medium in order to survive? A Enzyme X B Ornithine C Enzyme Z D Citrulline No “Enzyme Y” means no “naturally made Citrulline”. Therefore, Citrulline might have to be supplemented. 35

14. Home Back to evolution The diagram above shows the biochemical pathway that produces arginine, an amino acid required by an organism called Neurospora. The table shows the response of a mutant strain of Neurospora to supplements in its food supply. This mutant strain must lack the enzyme that acts on — F the precursor G ornithine H citrulline J arginine If ornithine does not produce growth, then maybe the Mutant Neurospora has a ‘changed Enzyme Y’ and can’t process the ornithine.

15. Home Back to evolution In comparisons of the evolutionary relationships between four species of birds, which of the following would be most useful? A. color of feathers. B. gene sequences. C. nesting behaviors. D. patterns of migration.

16. Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at — F competing with birds G making its own food H hiding from predators J running very rapidly Home Back to evolution It seems camouflaged. 2

17. Home Back to evolution The diagram shows a cross section of a leaf from a plant that most likely — A grows in the desert B floats on a pond C lives under trees D climbs up walls

18. Home Back to evolution Which of these structures protects a leaf from drying out? F Q G R H S J T

19. Home Back to evolution Which of the following leaf types is most likely to help a plant survive in an arid habitat? The drier and hotter the air, the smaller the leaves.

20. Home Back to evolution Which seed type will most likely be carried by the wind?

21. This seed is best dispersed by — A water B birds C wind D insects Home Back to evolution Windborne seeds are lightweight and blade-like. Water dispersed seeds float. Animal dispersed seeds either taste good or attach to fur. Maple flowers on a maple tree make seeds. 19

22. Home Back to evolution Which of the following characteristics could help short plants survive in areas with limited sunlight? F Broad leaf surfaces G Brightly colored flowers H Thick stems J Shallow roots Rule: Arid, sunny leaves = small and waxy Wet, shady leaves = broad and thin 32

23. Which of these characteristics might help a plant species survive in an area with limited sunlight? F Bright flowers G Large leaves H Short stems J Thick cuticles Home Back to evolution

24. Species of the genus Toxicodendron, which includes poison ivy and poison oak, produce a gummy oil that causes a severe itchy rash in some animals. This substance is part of the Toxicodendron species’— F defense mechanisms G nutritional processes H support system J clinging ability Home Back to evolution Since plants can’t run away from their predators, their thorns, odor, and toxic chemicals are their only strategy for defense. 2

25. Home Back to evolution An oleander is a type of evergreen shrub. The tissues of oleanders contain chemicals that are poisonous to many mammals, including humans, horses, cattle, and sheep. The production of poisonous chemicals most likely benefits oleanders by deterring or even killing many types of — A bacteria B herbivores C pollinators D scavengers

26. Home Back to evolution The diagram illustrates how some characteristics of the horse have changed over time. Along with the difference in size, what is another anatomical difference between the modern horse and its ancestors? F The structure of the tooth has been adapted for eating meat. G The size of the molars has decreased. H The length of the forefoot has decreased. J The number of toes has decreased.

27. Home Back to evolution The illustration in the box shows the bones in the hind foot of a modern horse. The other illustrations show the bones in the hind feet of three extinct species. Each of these extinct species is an ancestor of the modern horse. (The illustrations have been scaled so that all of the species seem to be the same size.) Which lists the extinct species in order from most closely related to the modern horse to most distantly related to the modern horse? A 1, 3, 2 B 2, 1, 3 C 2, 3, 1 D 3, 2, 1

28. According to the graph, what is the approximate half-life of carbon-14? A 5.7 years C 23,000 years B 5,700 years D 1,000,000 years Home Back to evolution 100% ½ of 100% 49

29. Home Back to evolution The graph shows the amount of carbon-14 in tissue over time. According to the graph, if a bone contains 1/8 the amount of carbon-14 that it did originally, its approximate age is — F 5,700 years G 11,400 years H 17,100 years J 22,800 years

30. Home Then a body of water. Back to evolution Forest- 1st During a severe drought a dry lake was explored for fossils. The diagram represents the fossils uncovered and the layers they were in. According to this information, this area was once a — A forest that was replaced by a freshwater lake B freshwater lake that was replaced by a desert C saltwater sea that was replaced by a forest D freshwater lake that was replaced by a forest These 3 “falsely” say that the area was water before land. 3

31. Home Back to bacteria/virus Bacteria and Viruses • Go to: Bacteria • Go to: Viruses

32. Some bacteria thrive in hostile environments, such as salt flats, boiling-hot springs, and carbonate-rock interiors, primarily because of bacteria’s — F biochemical diversity G small sizes H round shapes J methods of movement Home Back to bacteria/virus Diversity means ‘differences’.

33. Some bacteria benefit mammals by helping with F growth G defense H digestion J respiration Home Back to bacteria/virus 8

34. Which organism lives in the human intestine and aids in the digestive process? A The bacterium Escherichia coli B The fungus Trichophyton rubrum C The protozoan Entamoeba coli D The algae Fucus vesiculosus Home Back to bacteria/virus Most strains of E.coli are mutualistic in human intestines. Most human mutualistic fungi are on the skin. Protists are generally parasitic inside humans. Algae need the sun…no sun in human stomachs. 23

35. Home Back to bacteria/virus One characteristic shared by a virus and a living cell is that both — F store genetic information in nucleic acids G have a crystalline structure H gain energy directly from the sun J use glucose for respiration

36. Home Back to bacteria/virus Some antibiotics cause patients to exhibit digestive side effects. These side effects are most often the result of — F bacteria being killed in the digestive tract G the antibiotics being converted into stomach acids H too much water being drawn into the digestive tract J the stomach wall being torn If you lose your intestinal bacteria friends, you don’t feel too good. 14

37. Home Back to bacteria/virus A person who is taking antibiotics benefits from eating yogurt that contains live and active bacterial cultures because the bacteria in yogurt — A release enzymes that prevent the reproduction of viruses B may aid antibiotics by eating harmful bacteria in the human digestive tract C may restore the normal community of bacteria living in the human digestive tract D are a major source of dietary fiber, which helps provide the energy needed to fight an infection

38. All of the following symptoms are likely associated with bacterial infection except — F skin rashes or lesions G elevated body temperature H swollen glands or tissues J increased red blood cell count Home Back to bacteria/virus All 3 of these things can happen when you are fighting a bacterial infection. You build more white blood cells in response to infections, NOT red blood cells. 18

39. Which of the following factors helps spread disease-causing bacteria? F Low temperatures G Access to new hosts H Mutation by heat energy J Availability of light Parasites need a method of traveling from one host to another to continue their species. Home Back to bacteria/virus 14

40. Home Back to bacteria/virus Plants and animals are dependent on some bacteria because these bacteria A help recycle simple nutrients to the soil B get energy from fermentation rather than respiration C are able to make their own food by using energy from sunlight D are engineered to remove hazardous wastes from the environment

41. Home Back to bacteria/virus Tuberculosis, or TB, is a contagious bacterial disease that usually occurs as an infection of the lungs. The symptoms of this disease include persistent coughing, fever, fatigue, night sweats, and unexplained weight loss. TB can be treated with antibiotics. Tuberculosis is most likely transmitted — A by mosquito bites B by blood transfusions C through the air D through water

42. Virusesdiffer from bacteria in that all viruses — F cause insect-borne diseases G can be destroyed by antibiotics H have rigid cell walls J must be reproduced in living cells Home Back to bacteria/virus Both can be carried by insects. Viruses canNOT be killed by antibiotics. Viruses are not cells. 44

43. Home Back to bacteria/virus Viruses can only replicate — A Inside a host cell B Along a cellular membrane C Outside a nucleus D Between host cells

44. Home The diagram above represents a virus with its surface markers. The diagrams below show various animal cells with receptor sites. Which of the following cells is most likely affected by this virus? Back to bacteria/virus 11

45. Home Back to bacteria/virus What is the most common threat to a host organism posed by an invading virus? A Production of viral fluids in the bloodstream B Fermentation of acids in the digestive system C Destruction of cells by viral reproduction D Stimulation of muscle tone in the heart 53

46. Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell. Which of the following are infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? F Helper T cells G Liver cells H GABA-receptor cells J Red blood cells Home Back to bacteria/virus 6