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Ancient Rome and Islam

Explore the fascinating journey of the Roman Republic, from its legendary origins with Romulus and Remus, to its transformation into the Roman Empire under Julius Caesar. Discover the Roman Senate, the birth of the republic, and the eventual downfall of the republic leading to the rise of the Roman Empire.

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Ancient Rome and Islam

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  1. Ancient Rome and Islam Chapters 8, 9 and 10

  2. Part 1: The Roman Republic

  3. The Legend of Rome • Twin boys, Romulus and Remus • Sons of a princess and Roman god of War, Mars • An unjust king feared that the Twins would seize power from him • Ordered the twins drowned, however gods favored the twins and protected them • A female wolf rescued them • A shepard then raised the twins as his own

  4. The Legend of Rome • The twins grew up and killed the unjust king and went off to found their own city • The founded the city of Rome at a place where seven hills rose above the Tiber River

  5. Geography • Hills--easy place to defend • Fertile Soil • Access to a river • Original Settler had no notion of empire • Overtime learned that Italy was very much center of Mediterranean • Will become center of Western World

  6. Geographic Map of Rome

  7. Etruscans • Early rulers of Rome • Ruled as Kings • Many writings but language is largely unknown to historians still • They did not speak same language as the Romans • Romans did not like being ruled by an all powerful king • They overthrew and defeated Etruscan king in 509 BC

  8. Etruscans

  9. The Birth of the Republic • Romans vowed never again to be ruled by a king • Will create a government where people have a say in who they are ruled by • Rome will be a republic where citizens have the right to select their leaders

  10. The Birth of the Republic

  11. The Roman Senate • The most powerful part of the Republic • 300 member legislative body • Meaning they make the laws • In the beginning only member of the patrician or wealthy elites class could be members of the Senate • Plebeians were the ordinary citizens and were not allowed to participate in the Senate

  12. Roman Senate

  13. The Roman Senate • Consuls were the two chief executive officials responsible for enforcing the Senate’s laws and policies • 1 year terms • Elected by the assembly of citizens • Both consuls needed to be in agreement before either one took action • Veto is the rejection of any planned action by anyone in power • If one consul vetoed anything the matter was dropped

  14. Roman Senate--Consulship

  15. The Roman Senate • Other offices • Dictator • Roman law held that a dictator could be appointed in times of emergency and they held all powers of a king (absolute authority) but could only hold office for 6 months • Put in place in case Roman Consuls disagreed • Praetors • Functioned as junior consuls at first • But later became judges in civil law trials

  16. Plebeians v. Patricians • Patricians saw themselves as leaders • Plebeians wanted to be respected and treated fairly • Eventually the ruling Patrician class gave into the Plebeians creating the Law of the Twelve Tables • Code of laws that applied equally to everyone

  17. Expansion under the Republic • Rome expanded through war and conquest • 264 BC Rome gained complete control of Italian Peninsula • 264-146 BC Rome completely destroyed their Mediterranean Rival Carthage • Series of 3 wars • Gained control of Spain and Northern Africa • 214-146 BC Macedonian Wars • Gained control of Greece • Series of 4 wars

  18. Republic Expansion

  19. Republic Expansion

  20. The Death of the Republic • 120 BC the Roman Republic began to fall apart • Generals conquered enough land to fund their own private armies and used it to gain political power • Julius Caesar was one such general, he conquered Gaul for Rome and his troops were fiercely loyal to him

  21. Julius Caesar

  22. The Death of the Republic • After his conquest in Gaul, Julius Caesar marched into Italy (crossed the Rubicon River) and by doing violated Roman law • Caesar marched on Rome and caused threw the Roman world into civil war • The Senate and Pompey v. Julius Caesar

  23. Julius Caesar conquering Gaul

  24. The Death of the Republic • Caesar was able to beat Pompey and run the Senate out of Rome • He called back the Senate and forced them to declare him sole consul • That then led to him be declared Dictator for life • 48 BC • The Roman Republic was gone what was to come next was the Roman Empire

  25. Julius Caesar Dictator

  26. The Death of the Dictator • For four years, Caesar eliminated what was left of Pompey and any other opposition • He consolidated all public offices into his office • Caesar kept the Senate around • In 44 BC, Senators were eager to get back their power • They began to plot

  27. The Death of the Dictator • March 15th, 44 BC, Julius Caesar attended a meeting on the Senate Floor • His wife had a bad feeling about the meeting and urged him not to go • Caesar insisted • When Caesar arrived he was surrounded by Senator and they pulled knives and stabbed him, 23 times, he died

  28. Death of a Dictator

  29. Part 2: The Roman Empire

  30. Born in Chaos • After Caesar’s death, civil war again consumed Rome • This one lasted 13 years • At the end Caesar’s adopted son Octavian emerged the victor and took his Father’s place • For his victory he was given the title “Augustus” which means “highly respected”

  31. The Empire Expands • The Roman Empire would expand to its greatest height under its Emperors • It included Britain, Gaul (modern Day France), Spain, North Africa, Greece, Egypt, Canaan, and parts of Mesopotamia • The Empire completely encompassed the Mediterranean sea, the Romans began calling the Mediterranean “mare nostrum” which means our sea

  32. The Roman Empire

  33. Ruling the Empire • The Empire had slaves • Slavery was a huge part of the Empire • It was built by slaves • Slaves were often Prisoners of War from conquered lands • The Empire was divided into provinces or an area of the empire that is ruled by a governor who is supported by an army

  34. The Roman Empire--Provinces

  35. Emperor (Imperator) Augustus • When Octavian was seizing power he ignored the Senate • When he was in power he respected the Senate and always stated he wanted to share power with the Senate • Augustus ushered in an era of peace and prosperity never experienced under the Republic

  36. Imperator Augustus

  37. Imperatores malos (Bad Emperors) • Three of the worst emperors in the Empire followed Augustus, who died in 14 AD • Tiberius, Caligula and Nero • Tiberius- paranoid, did not want to rule at all • Caligula- super paranoid, proclaimed himself a god, cruel and so hated • Nero- cruel, murdered his entire family, played his lyre and laughed while Rome burned, built a grand palace over the ruins of the now burned city

  38. Imperatores malos

  39. The Five Good Emperors • Five Successive Emperors who ruled Rome justly and Rome saw prosperity • Ruled from 96 AD -192 AD, Pax Romana • Nerva, 96-98 AD • Died and power transferred w/o incident • Trajan, 98-117 AD • Unblemished reputation for nearly 19 centuries, was understood to be virtuous and fair • Hadrian, 117- 138 AD • Built a grand wall in Britain, issued a code of laws for entire empire

  40. The Five Good Emperors • Five Successive Emperors who ruled Rome justly and Rome saw prosperity • Ruled from 96 AD -192 AD • Antoninus Pius, 138-161 AD • Left the empire with a large surplus in the Treasury • Marcus Aurelius, 161-180 AD • Known as the Philosopher emperor and applied his Philosophical principles to his rule

  41. The Five Good Emperors

  42. Architecture, Technology and Law • Roman Architecture was leaps ahead of its time • By using the construction of the arch or a curved structure used as a support over an open space like a doorway • The Colosseum is likely the greatest architectural accomplishment of the Empire

  43. Roman Architecture

  44. Architecture, Technology and Law • Roman engineers built road that reached all corners of the empire • All roads lead back to Rome • Built roads so the military would be able to travel quickly to any corner of the empire • Rome was also known for its aqueducts structures that carried water long distances

  45. Roman Architecture

  46. Roman Architecture

  47. Architecture, Technology and Law • Roman Law serves as a basis for our own Justice system • In Rome, the accused had the right to face their accuser and if reasonable doubt exists they are considered innocent • This is the bedrock of our Justice system today

  48. Part 3: The Fall of Rome

  49. The Beginning of the End • After Marcus Aurelius died, 180 AD • That allowed 18 year old Commodus to take the throne and become Imperator (Emperor) • Marcus Aurelius, believed his son was NOT QUALIFIED to be Emperor • He believed/hoped that over time Commodus would become a good emperor • Commodus, allowed others to rule instead of him • Showed large distaste for Senate and allowed others to try to destroy the Senate

  50. Commodus

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