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Learn about the diameter, composition, and layers of the Sun, as well as its atmosphere and solar features. Explore different models of the solar system and discover fascinating facts about the inner and outer planets.
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The Sun • Diameter • 1,400,000 km • more than 3 X’s the distance from Earth to the moon • Size • more than 1,000,000 Earth’s would fit in it • an average sized star • Composition • gas & plasma • Energy • Fusion • combining nuclei of elements • E=MC2 • Matter can be converted into energy • hydrogen into helium
Layers of the Sun • Core • hydrogen and helium • Fuel • Plasma • 100 X’s as dense as water • 15,600,000 degrees C • Radiative zone • Plasma • 2,000,000 – 8,000,000 C • Convection zone • plasma rises and falls in convection currents • carries energy to the surface where it is given off • Photosphere • visible layer • 6,000 C
Layers of the Sun’s Atmosphere • Chromosphere • inner layer • 20,000 C • hydrogen emits light • solar prominences • thick clouds that extends thousands of kilometers • Corona • thin outer atmosphere • dim • 1,000,000 – 3,000,000 C
Other Solar Features • solar wind • given off by the corona • electrically charged particles • move about 450 km/s • deflected by Earth’s magnetic field • a. auroras (northern lights) • Sunspots • dark areas that move left to right • shows sun is rotating at different speeds • hot and bright but surrounding area is hotter and brighter causing the dimness • strong magnetic field
Models of the Solar System • geocentric (Ptolemy) • earth at the center • stars are hole in a “bubble” that covers us • bright light behind it • could not explain retrograde motion • Heliocentric (Copernicus) • sun at the center • planets revolve around it • explains retrograde motion • orbital speeds differ throughout the year • us fast them slow • Retrograde
Planetary Motion • Brahe • Did research on motion • kepler (assistant) • noted that orbits were not round (elliptical) • Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion • 1st law • planets orbits are round with two foci not one like a circle • 2nd law • equal area law in equal time • do not travel a constant speed • closer equals faster
More Motion • 3rd law • harmonic law • p2=d3 • the square of the time it takes to travel in one orbit is equal to the cube of the mean distance from the sun • longer orbits = greater dist. • Greater dist = slower • Newton • Explained with gravity why • speeds change • orbits
Planets • Inner planets • mercury, venus, earth, mars • rocky bodies • iron core • outer planets • Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune • gaseous giants • Rings • gas outer layer, liquid inner
Mercury • Revolution • 88 Earth days (shortest) • Rotation • 59 days • Diameter • 1/3 Earths • Temperature • Extreme • 450 C daytime –170 C night • closeness to sun • little to no atmosphere to hold heat • Surface • cratered surface • Impacts • do not burn up b/c of little to no atmosphere • cliffs • due to shrinkage • Gravity • 2/5 earth • cannot keep things in solar winds blow them away • distance from sun • 58 million km
Venus • distance from sun • 108 mill km • size mass gravity • about same as earth • Rotation • east to west • 243 days • Revolution • 224.7 days • Temp • 470 C • greenhouse effect • hottest in solar system • Atmosphere • thick gasses • carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid • allows in 2% of light • 90 times air pressure of earth • 300 km/hr upper level winds
Earth • distance from the sun • 150 mill km • the rest, well you know
Mars • Distance from the sun • 228 mill km • Rotation • About 24 ½ hrs • Revolution • 687 days • Size • just over ½ diameter of Earth • Gravity • about 2/5 Earths • Temperature • summer • up to 27 C • winter • down to –125 C • Atmosphere • Thin • gravity holds in some b/c solar wind not as strong • mostly carbon dioxide • air pressure 1% of Earth’s
Features of Mars • North • flat and smooth • Volcanic • Olympus mons • Largest volcano in the solar system • Over 500 km wide • 26 km high • South • Rugged • cratered • Channels • valles marineris • a canyon as long as the US • mars may have had water could be stored below the surface • water cannot exist there now it would boil, freeze, and evaporate all at the same time
Special Features • Axis is tilted about the same as Earths • Seasons • Ice caps • North • could be water • South • frozen carbon dioxide • very strong wind storms • diff in temp between poles and equator • sometimes cover entire planet • crust thickness • north 35 km • south 80 km • life on Mars • with the conditions of the past (atmosphere, liquid, etc.) it could have been possible
Moons Of Mars • Deimos • Phobos • Doomed orbit • 50 mill yrs
Jupiter • Rotation • 9hr 50 ½ min • Fastest • Revolution • 11.86 years • Distance • 778.3 mill km • Size • more than 11 X’s diameter of Earth • largest • Mass • more than twice • the total mass of all others combined
Specials of Jupiter • largest magnetic field • Auroras • radiates twice as much heat as it brings in • heat from original formation and gravity contraction • the great red spot • calm area in amongst turbulent area • Winds • colored bands that travel in opposite directions • 100 – 400 km/hr • Rings (all have them) • independent particles in their own orbits • inside the orbit of the moons • orbit over equator • Three layers • Mostly H & He
Moons of Jupiter • At least 28 of them (Galilean moons) • IO • active volcanoes • geologically active • heat caused by tidal forces of pull from Jupiter • atmosphere • Europa • has atmosphere • covered by a shell of frozen water • 100 km tick • smooth surface • possible geologic activity • possible ocean of water 100 km deep under surface • possible life from subsurface vents like on Earth
Moons of Jupiter • Ganymede • largest in solar • system • possibly salty ocean under surface • Callisto • most cratered objects • possibly oldest in solar system
Saturn • Distance • 1427 mill km • Rotation • 10 hr 14 min • Revolution • 29.46 years • Diameter • less than 10 times Earth • Surface • colored bands • Special • Density • floats in water • radiates more energy than it receives • Moons • at least 24 • Titan • Heaviest atmosphere of all the moons • 1.5 times earth
Uranus • Distance • 2869 mill km • Rotation • 17 hr 14 min • Rolls • possible collision with Earth sized object • Revolution • 84 yrs • Diameter • A little more than 4 times the diameter of Earth • Temp • –200 C • Special • 370 times less sunlight • magnetic field is not tipped • Moons • at least 21 • Color • bluish • due to methane gas
Neptune • Distance • 4496 mill km • Rotation • 16 hr • Revolution • 165 yrs • Diameter • about the same as Uranus • Temp • –225 C (coldest) • Special • magnetic field is tipped compared to its axis of rotation • Color • bluish due to methane • Winds • 2000 km/hr • sometimes ninth planet • switches with Pluto • feb 11 1999
Other objects • comets and TNO’s (trans neptunian objects) • orbit around the sun • most stay too far out to see • Parts • Nucleus • solid ice and dust • Coma • gas cloud • melting comet • points away from the sun • solar wind • Asteroids • in orbit around the sun • Meteoroid • same but not in orbit • Meteor • same but comes in contact with our atmosphere • Meteorite • Same but hits the planet