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Chapter 6

The System Unit. Chapter 6. The System Unit. Motherboard or System Unit – the main circuit board of the computer Central Processing Unit (CPU) – executes the instructions that operate the computer Control Unit – coordinates the operations of the computer

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Chapter 6

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  1. The System Unit Chapter 6

  2. The System Unit • Motherboard or System Unit – the main circuit board of the computer • Central Processing Unit (CPU) – executes the instructions that operate the computer • Control Unit – coordinates the operations of the computer • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – executes arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations

  3. Machine Cycle • The CPU goes through a cycle to execute an instruction • Simple instructions are execute in one cycle • CPU speed is measured in Cycles per second Fetch Store Decode Execute

  4. Machine Cycle • Hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle/ second • MegaHertz (Mhz) = 1 million cycles/second • GigaHertz (Ghz) = 1 billion cycles/second

  5. Binary • Binary – Numbers in base 2 (using only digits zero and one)‏ • Bit (binary digit) – a single zero or one • Byte – 8 bits

  6. Binary • Computers use binary number for everything because electricity is either on (one) or off (zero)‏ • Binary numbers are used to represent data, instructions, characters, voice, audio, etc.

  7. Memory • Volatile – data is lost after power is turned off • Non-volatile – data is preserved after power is turned off • RAM (Random Access Memory) (volatile) – main memory for the system • DRAM • SRAM • MRAM

  8. Memory • Cache (volatile) – Speeds up the CPU's access to memory by keeping a copy of recently used data close to the CPU • ROM (Read Only Memory) (non-volatile) – stores permanent data and instructions such as for booting • Flash memory (non-volatile) – can be erased and rewritten but stores data without power

  9. Controllers • Expansion slot – a socket on the motherboard where an adapter can be inserted to add a new device to the system • Adapter card or controller – communicates between the motherboard and a new device • peripheral – a device that is external to the system unit (e.g. screen, printer, keyboard, scanner, etc.)

  10. Ports • Port – the point of connect between the system unit or adapter card and the device • Types of Ports • Serial port – bits are sent one at a time • Parallel ports – all 8 bits of a byte are sent at one time • Universal Serial Bus (USB) port – multiple devices can be attached to the USB port

  11. Ports • Types of Ports • SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) – used for disk drives • IrDA (Infrared Data Association) – infrared light, must have direct line of sight • Bluetooth – like IrDA but uses radio waves

  12. Buses • Set of wires or connectors that move large amounts of data between components • Types of Buses • System Bus – CPU to memory • AGP Bus - Graphics • PCI Bus – expansion slots • ISA Bus – expansion slots

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