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Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder. The original version of these slides was provided by Michael W. Otto, Ph.D. with support from NIMH Excellence in Training Award at the Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders at Boston University (R25 MH08478).
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Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder The original version of these slides was provided by Michael W. Otto, Ph.D.with support from NIMH Excellence in Training Award at the Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders at Boston University (R25 MH08478)
Use of this Slide Set • Presentation information is listed in the notes section below the slide (in PowerPoint normal viewing mode). • A bibliography for this slide set is provided below in the note section for this slide. • References are also provided in note sections for select subsequent slides.
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) • With an incidence of 13%, it is the most common of the anxiety disorders • The course tends to be chronic and debilitating (delaying achievement and interfering with relationships for more severe cases) • More women than men receive the diagnosis, but men are slightly more likely to seek treatment • Depression is frequently comorbid
Onset • Average age of onset is 16 years • Behaviorally inhibited children are at increased risk for the disorder • Most patients describe an insidious onset • Occasionally patients will describe specific humiliation episodes linked to onset • Regardless of onset, CBT tends to focus on the self-perpetuating patterns that help maintain the disorder
Core Patterns In Social Phobia • Self-focused attention • Negative self-evaluation • Anxious apprehension • Avoidance and escape • Behavioral disruption of normal functioning • Skills deficits
Negative Expectations • They will reject me • I will be found out as incompetent • They will think I’m weird • I can’t even do the simplest things • I had better not blow it again • I can’t (don’t know how to) do this • I will tremble and my boss will fire me • If they see how anxious I am, they will think I’m crazy • I will stumble over my words and be unable to continue
NegativeExpectations Vigilance To Perceived Danger “Failure” - FocusedAttention (and overestimation of the cost of everyday failures) • Symptoms • Errors • Negative evaluations by others • Self-focused attention during performance • Perception of anxiety or errors Consequences Of Negative Expectations
Social Cost Beliefs The Amplification of Anxiety About Symptoms or Minor Errors Anxiety Minor Mistakes Anxiety Failure Shame
Amplifying Cognitions Being Different = Rejection Anxiety = Failure Errors = Blowing it
Next Time I hope I don’t mess up (again)!
Targets For Treatment • Correction of dysfunctional cognitions • Correction of social cost estimates and failure-focused attention • Modification of performance • decreasing avoidance • improve skills • eliminating safety cues • Modification of evaluation of performance
Common CBT Interventions • Information • Cognitive restructuring • Exposure • Social skills training • Relaxation training
Cognitive Restructuring • Identify truth about cognitions: they don’t have to be true to affect emotions • Learn about common biases in thoughts • Treat thoughts as “guesses” or “hypotheses” about the world • Apply more accurate and adaptive thoughts according to experience / logic
Exposure Goals • Provide a chance to learn social situations are safe (that goals are often met despite anxiety and that catastrophic outcomes do not occur) • Provides a chance to learn that the assumed social costs of errors are lower than expected • Provides a chance to re-direct attention to others rather than the self
Heimberg’s CBGT for Social Anxiety • Identify dysfunctional cognition • (what are you thinking when…) • Identify cognitive error (e.g., all or nothing thinking style) • Identify a more functional cognition (restate during exposure) • Review objective performance after completion of the exposure
I was nervous, but I did OK Maybe I can do this.
Exposure Interventions Provide rationale for confronting feared situations Establish a hierarchy of feared situations Provide accurate expectations Set objective goals for social performance Reduce use of safety behaviors Notice what others are doing (to interrupt self-focused attention) Attend to the disconfirmation of fears (“what was learned from the exposure?”)
Social Mishap Exposures • Specifically target concerns over social errors • For this exposure, specific social mishaps are programmed; the patient is to examine the actual outcome of such mishaps, • Stand outside a well-known location and ask for directions to that location • Rent a DVD, then immediately return it stating, “I forgot; I don’t own a DVD player”
Attending to What is Learned • Even though I am anxious, I meet my goals • My anxiety is brief; the payoffs of persisting socially are large • Errors are not a catastrophe • Social mishaps are common and ok • Being “different” is not being “bad”
Attending to What is Learned – Social Cost • 3 group design (90 randomized patients) • CBT • Exposure without cognitive restructuring • Wait-list control • CBT = Exposure > Wait-list • Estimated social cost mediated treatment changes in both active treatment conditions Hofmann, 2004, JCCP, 72, 393-399
2009 Meta-Analysis of Psychological Treatments 24 comparisons of CBT to a control condition • Effect size of d = .708 • Strong effects on depression as well as social anxiety • Over follow-up periods of 4 to 18 months, there was evidence of continued treatment gains Acarturk et al. (2009) Psychol Med, 392, 241-254.
Within-Group Meta-Analysis Of Treatment Elements Taylor S. (1996), J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 27, 1-9.
Table 1. Treatment Acceptability as assessed by drop-out rates in controlled trials Treatment Acceptability (dropout rates) • Percent Dropout
CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder Comparisons to Pharmacotherapy
Social Phobia: Treatment Effect Sizes Relative To No Treatment Or Placebo Meta-Analysis Of 24 Studies Gould et al., 1997
Generalized Social Phobia:Comparative Trial • CGI Response Rate Davidson et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61, 1005-113
Social Anxiety Disorder:Week 24 Outcomes LSAS Defined Remission Rate Blanco et al., 2010, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 67: 286-295.
Success with a Novel Combination Strategy • Combination of CBT with the putative memory enhancer, d-cycloserine • Two treatment trials for social anxiety indicate that d-cycloserine helps consolidate therapeutic learning from exposure, helping speed treatment outcome • Similar benefits for d-cycloserine + exposure is seen for other anxiety disorders
CT vs. IPT for Social Anxiety Disorder • 117 patients were randomized to • Cognitive therapy • Interpersonal therapy • Wait-list control • 16 regular sessions and 1 booster session • Post-treatment response rates favor CT • 65.8% CT • 42.1% IT • 7.3% WL Stangier et al., 2011, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 68, 692-700
Maintenance of Treatment Gains • Across trials there has been evidence for maintained or extended treatment gains for social anxiety disorder patients who received CBT • One of the longest follow-up periods (5 years) replicated this finding of maintained gains (Mörtberg et al., 2011) • These results support the general notion that CBT teaches patients new patterns of behavior (responding to anxiety and social concerns) that continue to be rehearsed over time
Conclusions • CBT is an effective and tolerable treatment for social phobia • Greatest evidence for efficacy of exposure + cognitive restructuring • Approximately equal efficacy for pharmacotherapy and CBGT, but limited evidence for superior short-term outcome for pharmacotherapy • CBT is associated with maintenance and extension of treatment gains