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1.2 Hydrocarbons

1.2 Hydrocarbons. Organic Chemistry. Hydrocarbons. Aliphatic. Aromatic (Arenes). Alkanes (single bonds). Alkenes (double bonds). Alkynes (triple bonds). benzene. propane. propene. propyne. Saturated. Unsaturated. Hydrocarbons. Are made of only C & H

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1.2 Hydrocarbons

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  1. 1.2 Hydrocarbons

  2. Organic Chemistry Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Aromatic (Arenes) Alkanes(single bonds) Alkenes(double bonds) Alkynes(triple bonds) benzene propane propene propyne Saturated Unsaturated

  3. Hydrocarbons • Are made of only C & H • Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are the simplest of the  hydrocarbons and are composed entirely of single bonds and are “saturated” with hydrogen.  • Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple  bonds between carbon atoms. Those with double bond are  called alkenes.Those containing triple bonds are called alkynes. • Cycloalkanes/Cycloalkenes are hydrocarbons containing one or  more carbon rings. • Aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as arenes, are  hydrocarbons that have at least one benzene ring.

  4. Types of Hydrocarbons • Saturated: Contain the maximum number of hydrogens, single bonds between all carbons • Unsaturated: Contain 1+ double or triple bonds

  5. Types of Hydrocarbons • Aliphatic Carbons are arranged in chains • Cyclic: Carbons are arranged in rings • Aromatic: Contain a benzene ring

  6. Types of Hydrocarbons

  7. THE SUFFIX: • Indicates the family

  8. THE ROOT: How long is the Main Chain?

  9. Homologous series • This is a series of compounds which all contain the same functional group, and have similar chemical properties.  • ALKANESALKENESALCOHOLS • CH4 CH2 =CH2 CH3OH • CH3-CH3 CH2 =CH –CH3 CH3CH2OH • Each has a general formula: • ALKANES: CnH2n+2 ALKENES: CnH2n ALKYNES: CnH2n-2 • The members of the series differ by the number of CH2 units. • CH3-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 • Graduation in physical properties:eg: boiling points. • CH4(GAS), C8H18 (LIQUID), C30H62 (SOLID)

  10. Naming Alkanes Based off the number of C atoms in the longest chain • Count the number of C’s in the longest chain • Determine the appropriate root • Add the suffix “ane”

  11. NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Prefix + Root + Suffix Indicates the name and location of each branch of functionalgroup Tells you how many carbons are in the main chain Indicates the family

  12. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon 1 2 3 4 4 carbon chain = butane

  13. Naming Branched Alkanes Based off the number of C atoms in the longest chain • Count the number of C’s in the longest chain • Determine the appropriate root • Use the numbered C’s to give the branches a position number add “yl” suffix • Add the suffix “ane”

  14. Hydrocarbon Root Names

  15. Naming Branched Alkanes Important Rules: • Start numbering from the end that will give you the lowest number of branches • If there is more than one type of branch, name the branches in alphabetical order • If there is more than two of the same type of branch, give the branch a position number and prefixes “di”, “tri” “tetra” etc. • Put commas between numbers and hyphens between numbers and letters

  16. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) When alkane groups appear as substituents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl. —CH3 Methyl —CH2CH3 Ethyl —CH2CH2CH3 Propyl —CH2CH2CH2CH3 Butyl Methyl

  17. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) The positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the branching. 1 2 3 4 Methyl

  18. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) The location and name of each substituent are followed by the root alkane name. The substituents are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to indicate multiple identical substituents. 1 2 3 4 Name: 2-methylbutane Methyl

  19. Nomenclature Practice Name this compound 1 9 carbons = nonane 2 4 3 5 Step #1: For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon 6 7 8 9

  20. Nomenclature Practice Name this compound 9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6 CH3 = methyl 7 chlorine = chloro 8 9 Step #2: When alkane groups appear as substituents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl.

  21. Nomenclature Practice Name this compound 9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 Step #3: The positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the branching. 6 CH3 = methyl 7 chlorine = chloro 8 9 1 9 NOT 9 1

  22. Nomenclature Practice Name this compound 9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 Step #4: The location and name of each substituent are followed by the root alkane name. The substituents are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to indicate multiple identical substituents. 6 CH3 = methyl 7 chlorine = chloro 8 9 2-chloro-3,6-dimethylnonane

  23. Cyclic Alkanes Cyclopropane, C3H6 Cyclobutane, C4H8 Cyclopentane, C5H10 Cyclohexane, C6H12 Cycloheptane, C7H14 Remember, explicit hydrogens are left out

  24. PracticeMakes Perfect

  25. THE SUFFIX: • Indicates the family

  26. THE ROOT: How long is the Main Chain?

  27. Example 1 1 2 3 4 • Longest chain has 4 carbons: Root is But • Single bonds main chain (Alkane family) : • Suffix is ane Name: but + ane butane

  28. Example 2 Longest Chain has 3 carbons: Root = Prop Branching chain on carbon # 2 Prefix: 2-methyl Single Bonds main chain (Alkane): Suffix- ane 2-methylpropane

  29. Example 3 Longest chain has 7 carbons: Root is Hept Branching chain on Carbon 3 Prefix: 3-methyl Single bonds main chain (Alkane) : Suffix is ane 3-methylheptane

  30. Example 4 Longest chain has 6 Carbons: Root is Hex Two branching chains: 2 carbons (ethyl) & 1 carbon (methyl) Single bonds main chain (Alkane) Suffix: ane Use lowest numbering for the branching chain and place in alphabetic order 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane Prefixes

  31. Example 4 Longest chain has 6 Carbons: Root is Hex Two branching chains: 2 carbons (ethyl) & 1 carbon (methyl) Single bonds main chain (Alkane) Suffix: ane Use lowest numbering for the branching chain and place in alphabetic order 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane Prefixes

  32. Naming Alkenes & Alkynes • Count the number of C’s in the longest chain containing the double/triple bond. • This is the parent chain, determine the root • Number the parent chain so that the double/triple bond has the lowest possible position number • Identify the position numbers of branches • Same rules as before • Write the branches in alphabetical order • Write the root, including a prefix that identifies the position of the double/triple bond • Add the prefix “cyclo” if its cyclic • Add the suffix “ene” or “yne”

  33. Example 5 Longest chain has 4 carbons: Root name: But One double bond in main chain (ALKENE) Suffix: ene Give the lowest number to the double bond but -2- ene

  34. Example 6 • Longest chain has 5 carbons: Root is pent • One double bond in main chain (Alkene) • suffix: -ene • Branching chain (1 carbon) at carbon 2 • Prefix is methyl 2-methylpent-3-ene

  35. Example 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 • Longest chain has 7 carbons: Root is Hept • Two double bonds in main chain (Alkene) • Suffix: diene (because there are 2 double bonds) hept-2,5-diene

  36. Example 8 • Longest chain has 7 carbons: Root is Hept • One double bond in main chain (Alkene) • suffix: -ene • Two branching chain with one carbon each (at C2 and C5): • Prefix is dimethyl 2,5-dimethylhept-3-ene

  37. Example 9 4 3 5 2 1 • Number of carbons in ring is 5: Root name: pent • Single bonds in ring (alkane) • suffix: ane • Ring: cyclo cyclopentane

  38. Priority List -OH -NH2 -F, -Cl, -Br, -I -CH2CH2CH3 -CH2CH3 -CH3 

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