Presented By Léia Fortes Salles Brazil

1. 3rd International Conference and Exhibition on  Traditional & Alternative Medicine August 03-05, 2015 Birmingham, UK In Association with Presented By Léia Fortes Salles Brazil

2. The sign of the Cross of Andreas in the iris and Diabetes Mellitus: a longitudinal study Léia Fortes Salles Maria Júlia Paes da Silva 3rdInternationalConference Traditional & Alternative Medicine Birminghan, 2015

3. Diabetes The International Diabetes Federation estimated that 386 million people had diabetes worldwide and in 25 years the number of people affected by the disease will pass to 592 million. Diabetes is a disease of multiple action, considered one of the major public health problems in the world given its high prevalence and high rate of mortality and morbidity. Type 2 diabetes has a genetic component, but is linked to obesity and inactivity. International studies suggest that the cost of care related to diabetes is about two to three times higher than costs of care provided to non-diabetic patients.

4. Iridology Iridology is a science that allows identifying physical, emotional and mental aspects of individuals by their iris. The purpose of this method is to detect evolving disturbances and intervene early to prevent illnesses. Iridology does not diagnoses, but only indicates the shock organs of the body and thus, the predisposition to sickness. According to Iridology professionals, the Sign of the Pancreas and the Cross of Andreas are two signs in the iris suggestive of predisposition for diabetes.

5. Map of Iridology

6. Sign of the Pancreas Figure 1. Condensed map of Iridology and Sign of thePancreas. Source: Battello CF. Iridologia e irisdiagnose: o que os olhos podem revelar (Iridologyandiridiagnosis: whattheeyescanreveal – still notpublished in English). Ground Pub.; 1999.

8. Cross of Andreas Figure 2. Cross of Andreas. Source:Battello CF. Iridiologia total (Total iridology – still notpublished in English). Ground Pub.; 1996.

10. Studies about iridology and diabetes Master study: Participation of 97 individuals with diabetes Mellitus. The aim was to determine the prevalence of iridologic signs, such as the Sign of the Pancreas and the Cross of Andreas. After their iris analysis, it was found that the adjusted prevalence of the Sign of the Pancreas and the Cross of Andreas were, 98% and 89%, respectively. There were significant associations (p<0.001) among the three risk factors for diabetes (obesity, sedentary lifestyle and heredity) with both studied signs. The doctoral study aimed to determine the prevalence of the same signs in individuals with and without diabetes and its heritability. Data collection took place between 2010 and 2011, and 410 individuals aged over 30 years participated. People with diabetes had a higher prevalence of the studied iridologic signs. The Student’s t test revealed a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of these signs among patients with and without diabetes and in those with and without family history of the disease. The chi square test showed that having both signs increases the chance of developing diabetes and only the Sign of the Pancreas alone is not sufficient to develop the disease.

11. Justification of the study The genetic predisposition to diabetes is not sufficient for the clinical manifestation of the disease. Type 2 diabetes usually begins in adulthood or old age. In these stages of life, habits formed over many years are difficult to change. Habits acquired in childhood are easier to keep. With early identification of signs in the iris indicating pancreatic commitment, we can take preventive measures to avoid the emergence of diabetes and the installation of its sequels.

12. Objectives • The main objective of this study was to compare during a four-year period, the development of diabetes mellitus, glucose intolerance and metabolic syndrome in individuals without the disease, and with and without the Cross of Andreas sign in the iris. • The specific objective was to correlate the studied iris sign with family history of the disease.

13. Hypothesis The hypothesiswasthatindividualswiththesignofthe Cross of Andreas in theiriswilldevelopdiabetes, glucoseintolerance and metabolicsyndrome more frequently.

14. Method Type of study: A prospective, descriptive cohort study of quantitative approach. Study location: The study was carried out at the Teaching Health Center Geraldo de Paula Souza of the Public Health School, University of São Paulo.

15. Method Sample: • The sample was taken from part of a doctoral research database collected in 2010, consisting of 215 individuals without diabetes. • This sample comprised 108 volunteers divided into two groups: 54 individuals with the Cross of Andreas and 54 without the sign in the iris. • The inclusion criteria were the following: being enrolled and in treatment at the Teaching Health Center, adults aged over 40 years, and knowledge about family history of diabetes. The exclusion criteria were presence of prosthetic eye, scar and pterygium covering more than two quadrants of the iris in both eyes and difficulty with keeping the eyes open.

16. Method Period of data collection: • The database used in this study was collected in 2010. This study period was between October 2012 and August 2014. • Data collection procedures: • Clarification about the research and signature of the Informed Consent. • First interview (identification and medical records ). • Taking notes on data of the medical records: diagnoses, test results of blood glucose and/or glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol and fractions, as well as blood pressure. • Photography of both iris. • Three more reviews of the medical chart.

17. Method Data processing • Data were processed by number and percentage, and the Pearson’s chi-squared test was the statistical test used. Ethical issues • The study was submitted to the PlataformaBrasil (Brazilian government electronic system for approval of studies involving human beings) and approved by the CEP (Ethics Committee) of the School of Nursing, University of São Paulo (under number CAAE 05654712.4.0000.5392).

18. Results N (90) + 20% = 108 Included Excluded 108 17 = = Transfer (6) With Cross of Andreas (54) + + Without Cross of Andreas (54) No return (8) + Lack of recent exam (3)

19. Results - charateristic of the sample Gender Female – 76.9% Male – 23.1% Age group 42 - 79 years Mean age – 61.5 years

20. Results – characteritics of the sample Table 1. Sample characterization of both groups. São Paulo, 2014.

21. Results Table 2. Comparison of the prevalence of diabetes, glucose intolerance and metabolic syndrome between groups at the end of four years. São Paulo, 2014.

22. Results • The Pearson’s chi-squared statistical test showed that the differences between the groups regarding the development of diabetes (p = 0.002), glucose intolerance (p = 0.004) and metabolic syndrome (p = 0.007) were statistically significant. • The sign of the Cross of Andreas had statistically significant association with family history of diabetes (p< 0.001).

23. Conclusions • At the end of four years, the group of volunteers with the sign of the Cross of Andreas in the iris developed more diabetes, glucose intolerance and metabolic syndrome than the group of volunteers without the sign. • The Cross of Andreas had statistically significant association with family history of diabetes. • The Cross of Andreas indicates predisposition to diabetes.

24. Acknowledgement: The present study was carried out with the support of CNPq, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) - Brazil.

25. References • Salles LF, Silva MJP. Enfermagem e as Práticas Complementares emSaúde. São Caetano do Sul (SP): Yendis; 2011 • World Health Organization (WHO). Prevalence of diabetes worldwide [Online]. Geneva: WHO; 2011. [cited 2011 jul. 13]. Available from: http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/. • American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, Alexandria, 2010, 33, Suppl. 1: S62–69. • Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Estratégias para o cuidado da pessoacomdoençacrônica : diabetes mellitus / Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde, Departamento de Atenção Básica. – Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde, 2013. 160 p. Cadernos de Atenção Básica, n. 3. • International Diabetes Federation. Epidemiology and prevention [online]. Available from: http://www.idf.org/epidemiology-prevention. • Batello CF. Iridologia e irisdiagnose: o que os olhospodem revelar. 3ª ed. São Paulo: Ground; 2009. • Kalsa GS. Iridologia integrada: a ciência e a arte da revelação do holograma humano. São Paulo: Mandras; 2009. • Battello C. Iridiologia total. São Paulo: Ground; 1996. • Salles LF. Avaliação da prevalência e da herdabilidade de sinais iridológicos nos indivíduos com Diabetes Mellitus em indivíduos com e sem a doença [tese]. São Paulo (SP): Escola de Enfermagem da USP; 2012.

26. Thank you for your attention UNIVERSITY OF SAO PAULO - NURSING SCHOOL BRAZIL leia.salles@usp.br

27. Meet the eminent gathering once again atTraditional Medicine-2016London, UKOctober 03-05, 2016 Traditional Medicine-2016 Website: http://traditionalmedicine.conferenceseries.com/