Unit 4 – Jacksonian Era

1. Unit 4 – Jacksonian Era Chapter 8 - Varieties of American Nationalism Chapter 9 - Jacksonian America Chapter 10 - America’s Economic Revolution

2. Chapter 8Varieties of American Nationalism

3. Political • 1816 election – Republican James Monroe elected president • 1820 election – Monroe elected after national goodwill tour • 1824 election – The “Corrupt Bargain” - Andrew Jackson received more popular and electoral votes than the other candidates but not majority -12th Amendment required House of Reps to choose among top three candidates – Henry Clay threw endorsement behind John Quincy Adams b/c Jackson was a political rival - Adams won election – named Clay Secretary of State - “Corrupt Bargain” haunted Adams • 1828 election – Democratic Republican Andrew Jackson wins but sectional victory - Campaign of personal charges * Jackson’s wife Rachel accused of bigamy, she eventually died, Jackson blamed opponents

4. Political Parties: -Federalists -National Republicans -Democratic Republicans • Missouri Compromise -Maine entered as free state, Missouri slave state -Slavery banned in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of Missouri’s 36’ 30’ border • The American System - Tariff of 1816 – foreign goods – appealed to North - Chartering of the Second Bank of the US • The Tallmadge Amendment - All slaves born in MO after the territory became a state would be freed at age 25 - Passed by the House, not in the Senate *North controlled house, South block in Senate

5. Ideological/Intellectual • Nationalism -dream of creating an important American industrial economy -pride in US, US becoming recognized • Expansion - Westward movement - Popular due to: *Lessened Native American opposition *Increased Eastern population - 1817 – Began negotiations with Spanish minister Lius de Onis for Florida * American commander in Florida Andrew Jackson invaded Florida to stop Seminole raids -Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 ceded Florida and lands north of 42nd parallel to US, US gave up Texas claims

6. The Era of Good Feelings -USA filling out/borders finalized -Internal issues -Monroe Doctrine

7. Religious • n/a

8. Artistic • Stephen H. Long wrote an influential report on his trip to the west

9. Technological • Francis Lowell developed a power loom -1st process of both spinning and weaving • Lancaster Pike built in PA – built from Ohio land sale revenue- transported textiles • Steam-powered shipping expanded on rives

10. Economic • War of 1812 stimulated manufacturing • Need for new Bank of the U.S. -1816 Congress passed new charter for Bank of US • Steamboats stimulated agricultural economy of South and West • Plantations in the Southwest -Wealthier planters bought land and brought slaves symbolizing emergence of a newly rich class • American Fur Company extended into rockies

11. The Panic of 1819 - Rising prices had stimulated land boom in western U.S. - Credit easy to settlers and speculators - Management at Bank of US tightened credit, led to series of state bank failures - led to financial panic - Depression lasted for 6 years

12. Social • Trappers (“mountain men”) first of white movement -Changed society by interacting with Mexicans and Indians

13. Supreme Court Cases • John Marshall chief justice from 1801-1835 -strengthened judicial system • 1810 – Fletcher v. Peck – supported inviolability contracts • 1819 – Dartmouth College v. Woodward – affirmed constitutionality of federal review of state court decisions • 1819 – McCulloch v. Maryland – “Implied powers” of Congress upheld • 1824 – Gibbons v. Ogdens – strengthened Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce • Decisions favored federal government over state government • Marshall court decisions affirmed supremacy of US over Natives -Federal govt. “guardian” for Indian tribes

14. People • John C. Calhoun – VP of John Quincy Adams, rival to Andrew Jackson • Jacob Astor – established American Fur Company • Andrew and William Ashley – founded the Rocky Mountain Fur Company • Jedediah S. Smith – famous trapper, led people deep into Mexican territory that ended in disastrous battles with the Mojaves and other tribes • John Marshall - cheif justice of the U.S. from 1801 to 1835

15. Foreign • Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821 - opened trade to territory • US foreign policy mainly centered on Europe • US developing trade with Latin America rivaling GB • 1823 – Monroe Doctrine – American continent not to be considered subject of future colonization by Euro powers, any foreign challenge would be unfriendly - relied on support of GB and its navy - set precedent of US dominating Western Hemisphere

16. Chapter 9Jacksonian America

17. Political • Increased Democratization -White male suffrage increased -Party nominating committees -Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors -Spoils system -Rise of Third Parties (“People’s Party) -Popular campaigning • Two party system returned in the 1832 election -Whigs (Republicans) -Democrats

18. 1832 election – Andrew Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams -dirty election • Peggy Eaton Affair - Peggy Eaton a wife of Sec of State - fired cabinet member because wifes refused to eat dinner with her - members and their wives thought she was skanky • The Webster-Hayne Debate - Sen. Daniel Webster (MA) –Natl. Govt - Sen. Robert Hayne (SC) – State Govt. - Liberty and Union, now and forever, and inseparable -Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear -Jackson: Our Federal Union, it must be preserved

19. Federal Rights (North and Jackson) vs. State Rights (South and Calhoun) • 1836 election – Martin Van Buren handpicked by Jackson, wins election -Van Buren faced with Panic of 37’ • The Log Cabin Campaign -1840 election – Whigs supported only one candidate – William Henry Harrison with John Tyler for VP • Harrison dies after one month, Tyler becomes president

20. Ideological/Intellectual • Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man” - Intense distrust of East “establishment,” monopolies and the elite - Heart and soul was with the “plain folk” - Common man was capable of uncommon achievements • Democratization

21. Religious • n/a

22. Artistic • n/a

23. Technological • “penny press” during 1840 election carried news of candidates to larger audience of workers and tradespeople

24. Economic • Tariff Isssue (1828) - Protect Northern Industries (increase tariff on imports) - Hurt south *Higher prices on goods *Britain has less money to buy cotton • 1832 Tariff Conflict - 1828 – “Tariff of Abominations” - South Carolina nullification - Jackson uses military (force bill) - Clay’s Compromise *New tariff lowered gradually and Force Bill

25. Renewing the Charter of the 2nd Natl. Bank -Nicholas Biddle (rich man) vs. President Jackson (against rich) -Soft money vs. Hard/Specie/Coin *Soft money- state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely, supported rapid economic growth and speculation *Hard money- Jackson felt that coin was only safe currency, didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes, suspicious of expansion and speculation • The “Monster” is Destroyed - Pet banks – Jackson took all $ out of Natl. Bank and put into small state banks -1832- Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd B.U.S.

26. Economic Boom - Industrial Revolution peak - $ and credit easily available (soft money) - Govt. sold 40 million acres, paid off debt - Distribution Act - $ distributed to states • The Specie Circular (1836) - buy future federal land with only gold or silver -Results: *soft $ loses value, land sales plummeted, credit not available, businesses began to fail, unemployment rose • The Panic of 1837 - resulted from Specie Circular - Martin Van Buren blamed but really Jackson’s fault

27. Social • “Jackson Coalition” -The Planter Elite in the South - People on the frontier - State politicians and Spoils System - Immigrants in the cities • Women not allowed to vote • The Removal of the Indians - Removal Act 1830 to finance negotiations with tribes in order to relocate them West

28. Trail of Tears -forced trek to “Indian Territory” -began winter 1838 -thousands died before destination

29. Supreme Court Cases • 1831 - Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia and 1832 - Worcester vs. Georgia – seemed to protect tribal lands

30. People • Martin Van Buren – president after Andrew Jackson • Daniel Webster – supported Natl. Govt. • Nicholas Biddle – head of National Bank • John Calhoun – supporter of states rights – South Carolina nullification • Roger Taney – chief justice appointed after death of John Marshall in 1835

31. Foreign • 1838- Tension over Canada-Maine boundary led to small “Aroostook War” • Tyler Administration established 1st diplomatic relations with China

32. Chapter 10America’s Economic Revolution

33. Political • Laissez-faire approach by govt. • Know-Nothing Party (anti-immigration) -success in 1854 East elections, declined after

34. Ideological/Intellectual • The “American Dream” - Regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism and proof of the country’s virtue and promise • Nativism - Industrialists and employers saw immigration as way of cheap labor -Some hostile to foreigners (Nativists), feared loss of jobs

35. Religious • Protestants feared Irish immigrants and Catholics

36. Artistic • Major papers and magazines located in the North • New awareness of differences

37. Technological • Transportation Revolution -By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities -Cumberland Natl. Road in 1832 -Covered wagons -Erie Canal System (1817-1825) *opened up Great *Industry in NY -Robert Fulton and the Steamboat -clipper ships -Railroad *Immigrant labor built the north RR’s *Slave labor built the South RR’s

38. New inventions “Yankee Ingenuity” -Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory *interchangeable parts -Oliver Evans created first automated flour mill -John Deere and the steel plow (1837) -The Mechanical Reaper (1831) -Samuel Morse and the Telegraph (1830) *Transatlantic Cable (1858) connected US and GB -Sewing machine • Inventions created less manual labor

39. Economic • General Incorporation Law – form a corporation without a charter from the govt. • Textile mills • Unskilled labor • Emergence of unions • Business grew because of population, transportation revolution, and new practices • Small merchant capitalist companies dominated

40. Social • Immigration -1820 to 1860- population increased in North -Origin- mostly from Ireland, Germany, GB • Lowell Girls -unmarried women worked in factories • Gap between rich and poor was widening • Start of Union movement (usually local, social, and weak) • Population began to center in north and industrial centers

41. Movement of families from farms to cities • Decline in birth rate • Working class women in factories • Women provide religious and moral instructions to kids • Leisure time rare besides for wealthy -Circus, Church, books, theater, public sporting events

42. Supreme Court Cases • Supreme Court rulings favored business • Commonwealth vs. Hunt (1842) – Unions are legal/strikes are legal

43. People • Samuel Morse – created telegraph • Horace Greeley – writer of major NY newspaper • Cyrus McCormick – Automatic reaper • Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin and interchangeable parts • Robert Fulton – steam boat

44. Foreign • Immigration from Ireland and Germany