The Dynamics of Migration, Health and Livelihoods: INDEPTH Network Perspectives INDEPTH Migration and Urbanisation Work

1. The Dynamics of Migration, Health and Livelihoods: INDEPTH Network Perspectives INDEPTH Migration and Urbanisation Working Group Prepared for the 9th INDEPTH AGM 27 October 2009

2. Background • Internal migration is a force transforming societies in developing countries • Communities, networks, households, individuals change • Livelihoods and health impacts occur - evidence mixed • Data is minimal for examining more than snapshots of the dynamics • INDEPTH Network has done a multi-country study • Rural sub-districts and urban slums in low and middle income countries • Longitudinal data, comparative analysis

4. "The publication, by the INDEPTH Migration and Urbanization Working Group, contains theoretical and methodological migration research based on a decade of demographic surveillance.  What makes this volume especially a must read is the application of longitudinal methods at a variety of sites among countries. “ Aphichat Charatithirong, Mahidol University, Thailand

5. “The multi-site network approach adopted in the book does not only provide a demographic understanding of migration dynamics, but presents a new perspective to comparative analysis of the impact of migration on human health and livelihood over time. I believe this book is a must read, for all scholars of population and migration studies.” Dr Godwin Ode Ikwuyatum, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

6. 'Building on the richness of the INDEPTH surveillance data network, this volume takes a deep dive into the causes and consequences of geographic movement, identifying systematic regularities, and important differences, across the six research sites. This unique compendium of case studies offers valuable lessons for scholars of migration, students of program evaluation, and field workers. It is a tour de force in a rapidly growing field.‘ Marta Tienda, Princeton University, USA

7. INDEPTH Migration and Urbanisation Working Group (MUWG) • Editors : Mark Collinson, Kubaje Adazu, Michael White, Sally Findley • Authors: Kubaje Adazu, Nurul Alam, Pedro Alonso, John Aponte, Donatien Beguy, Philippe Bocquier, Nguyen T. K. Chuc, Samuel J. Clark, Mark A. Collinson, Daniel Feiken, Sally E. Findley, Annette A.M. Gerritsen, Philip Guest, Kathleen Kahn, Rose Kiriinya, Adama Konseiga, Kayla Laserson, Leonildo Matsinhe, Cheikh Mbacké, Kanyiva Muindi, Ariel Nhacolo, Delino Nhalungo, David Obor, Peter Ofware, Ben Onyango, Ho D. Phuc, Sureeporn Punpuing, Charfudin Sacoor, Laurence Slutsker, Peter K. Streatfield, Nguyen X. Thanh, Stephen M. Tollman, John Vulule, Michael J. White, Yazoumé Yé and Eliya Zulu

8. Dr. Kubaje Adazu (1961 - 2009) He will be remembered and honoured for his contribution to scientific knowledge and skills development in social demography; and his passion for migration studies.

9. Overview chapters: 1. Introduction • Opportunities and challenges • What we can hope to gain from the surveillance approach to tracking migration • Introduces the themes and site contributions 2. Methodology • Methods used for migration surveillance in HDSS sites • Comparative table of migration definitions used in the different sites 3. Community context • Comparison of contexts • The importance of place

10. Comparative age-sex profiles • We compare age-sex migration profiles from the seven participating sites

11. Theme 1: Migration and Livelihoods (3 sites)

12. Thailand - Kanchanaburi site • Households with out-migrants face constraints in the agriculture activities immediately after the out-migration of a household member. • But, households soon adjust to these constraints, drawing on existing household resources to substitute for the labour lost through out-migration

13. South Africa – Agincourt site • In rural South Africa short-term female migrants provide vital support to their families of origin • Female migrants are the most vital contributors to the upkeep of the poorest households

14. Bangladesh – Matlab site • In Matlab households with international male migrants have better educational outcomes for their children remaining at home compared to households without migrants.

15. Theme 2: Migration and Health (4 sites)

16. Kenya – Nairobi Urban site • Children who are born in Nairobi’s urban slums to non-migrant mothers have significantly higher survival chances than those born to in-migrant mothers, regardless of their origin

17. Kenya – Kisumu site • Migrant children moving from Kenyan urban areas to rural Nyanza enjoy a clear survival advantage compared to both non-migrant and migrant children from other rural areas

18. Urban vs rural – child survival • The fact that these findings come from an urban and rural site in the same country epitomizes the complexity of the relationship between migration and child survival • This relationship depends on a host of factors including exposure to new threats, migrant selectivity and differential health endowments between migrants and non-migrants

19. Vietnam – Filabavi site • The data point to the importance of maternal care for these children by revealing a higher incidence of illness among left-behind children compared to children with non-migrant mothers • No such negative impact is seen by the out-migration of the children’s fathers, underscoring the importance of the mother’s role in providing health care to young children

20. Mozambique – Manhiça site • In the past, returning migrants were positively selected for health and economic position • From 1999, there is a reversal of the survival advantage of return migrants • Migrants returning home to die

21. Policy implications 1 • Given the intensity of population movements it is important that policy makers and program implementers understand and take into account migration in their efforts • Implementation of activities in both the origin and destination communities

22. Policy implications 2 • Better off households are more likely to reap the benefits of migration and this can contribute to increasing inequalities • This selectivity could be incorporated into poverty-reduction programs by enhancing outreach to those households with no or few migrants •  There might be access issues for in-migrants, particularly those who are not fully integrated in local households

23. Conclusion • The findings contrast the beneficial impacts of migration on household livelihoods with potential health burdens • The impacts of migration can go either way, they can be positive or negative for sending and/or receiving communities depending on the issues at hand and the type of migration under consideration

24. MUWG II • New longitudinal studies using existing data – which can be themed and published together • A comparable multi-site study – a migration module or survey in each participating HDSS • Supporting and marketing existing single-site HDSS studies • Workshop: 17h00 today – Venue: FF2