860 likes | 1.03k Views
高中英语命题技巧 及试题考点分析方法. 兰 春 寿. 一、英语测试的质量评估. 评估英语测试的质量,首先要研究测试的有效性问题,即效度( validity ); 质量评估要考虑的第二个问题,是测试结果的可信(可靠)程度,即信度( reliability ); 还要考虑施测的可行性问题( practicality ); 以及区分力( discriminating power )。. 考试设计与命题 : 基本原理. 试卷结构. 信度. 效度. 是否保证考试分数的公平性?. 是否考了所要考的?. 一致性. 准确性. 分数.
E N D
高中英语命题技巧 及试题考点分析方法 兰 春 寿 高中英语命题与考点分析
一、英语测试的质量评估 • 评估英语测试的质量,首先要研究测试的有效性问题,即效度(validity); • 质量评估要考虑的第二个问题,是测试结果的可信(可靠)程度,即信度(reliability); • 还要考虑施测的可行性问题(practicality); • 以及区分力(discriminating power)。 高中英语命题与考点分析
考试设计与命题:基本原理 试卷结构 信度 效度 是否保证考试分数的公平性? 是否考了所要考的? 一致性 准确性 分数 高中英语命题与考点分析
考试设计与命题:基本原理 考试内容 代表性 覆盖面 考试内容是否是大纲的重点? 考试内容是否涵盖大纲的主要内容? 数量 质量 抽样 高中英语命题与考点分析
1. 效度 • 简单地说,是指某一种/某一次测试能在多大的程度测出预定要测量的东西,或者能在多大的程度完成预期的测量任务。 • 我们希望通过测试所测量的是我们想要测量的东西,而且仅仅是想要测量的东西,绝对不是不想测量的东西。 • 例如测“写作能力”,不要牵扯进“阅读能力”的测试或其他能力的测试。 • 实际上,由于种种原因,常常不能完全如愿。 高中英语命题与考点分析
因此,效度是程度的问题,可以分成若干等级,如高、较高、中等、较低和低。因此,效度是程度的问题,可以分成若干等级,如高、较高、中等、较低和低。 • 效度只有高低之分,没有有无之别。 • 谈效度,不能离开具体的测试以及具体的目标。 高中英语命题与考点分析
影响效度的因素 • 1)测试的目标不当。测试目标的确定要在测试能够到达的范围之内。英语测试能揭示的,不是受测者在英语学习中的全部情况,而只是那些可测的,可计数的现象。 • 2)测试的内容不妥。必须使测试的内容尽可能准确地反映测试的目标。命题实际上是一个抽样的过程,要使抽样合理,每一次测试的题项必须有代表性,侧重点要明确 例如:某一大题以考语法为测试目标, 如何合理抽样? 高中英语命题与考点分析
以考语法为测试目标的大题,每小题就要尽可能合理地覆盖想测的那些语法点,每小题应该有特定任务,重点考某个语法点。以考语法为测试目标的大题,每小题就要尽可能合理地覆盖想测的那些语法点,每小题应该有特定任务,重点考某个语法点。 • 命题时要尽量避免别的内容来干扰主要内容。由于重点考语法,不是考词汇,不是考文化背景知识,涉及的词语就不宜太难,太偏,而且要用所谓的culture-free items,以避免考生仅因为不认识某些词语或不了解某种文化而做不好题。 • 又如,考词汇的试题, 如何回避无关内容? 高中英语命题与考点分析
同样,测试的内容 太少、 太多、 太易、 太难 样本太少‘ 不足反映整体 题量太大’ 变成速度测试 测不出考生 的实际水平 测不出考生 的实际水平 高中英语命题与考点分析
3)测试方法不对。测试的方法要与测试的内容相适宜。如:考口试要用口试法。3)测试方法不对。测试的方法要与测试的内容相适宜。如:考口试要用口试法。 • 4)测试组织不好。测试需要严密、科学的组织工作,组织得好将有利于提高测试的效度和信度。 • 5)没有合理使用分数。要正确有效地使用通过测试获得的包括分数在内的各种数据。 • 6)考生方面的一些主观因素。如:考生的积极性,情绪等等。 高中英语命题与考点分析
2. 信度 • 信度是指考试结果的可信程度,实际上是指考试的一致性,所要了解的是考试在多大程度上具有一致性。 • 信度的研究必须有比较,通常从三个方面来研究: 高中英语命题与考点分析
1)测试的稳定性(stability)。常用的方法是测试-再测试法(the test-retest method),就是用同一套试卷在尽可能相似的环境中对同一批考生测试两次。即第一次测后隔一段时间再测,间隔的长短按需要而定。比较两次测试的成绩,求出相关系数,判定测试的稳定程度。 • 求相关系数,有pearson的积矩相关系数和spearman排列次序相关系数。 • 用前一种方法只要知道总人数,两次的分数就可以算出来。 • 用后一种方法,是研究两次测试的次序相关(rank correlation), 根据成绩把考生两次测试的名次排出来,比较两次名次上的差异。 • 相关系数最好高于0.9,至少不低于0.8。系数高,测试稳定性就高。 高中英语命题与考点分析
2)测试的等值性(equivalence)。常用等值(卷)法(the equivalent-forms method)。用同一测试的两份等值试卷对同一批人进行测试,比较两次的成绩,算出相关系数,判断两次测试的等值性。 高中英语命题与考点分析
3)测试的内部一致性(internal consistency)。测内部一致性用得比较多的方法是分半法(split-half method)。用一份试卷施测,然后把试卷分成题数相等的两个部分,求这两部分分数的相关系数。(奇数题与偶数题、前一半题与后一半题) • 只计算客观题,用Kuder Richardson的 KR21公式,如果是主观题,则用Cronbach的公式。 高中英语命题与考点分析
提高信度的主要方法 • 1)适当增加题量。题量增加,试题的覆盖面大,题目的代表性好,测量误差就在一定程度上减少。 • 2)注意各题的同质性。即题目的一致程度,如:题型一样、题量一样、覆盖面一样、指导语一样,编排一样。 • 3)控制好题目的难易程度,提高区分度。题目难易程度适当,区分度高,对两次或多次测试考生按照成绩高低排列次序就比较任意一致,测试的相关性就可能提高,信度也就提高了。 • 4)尽可能消除各种干扰因素。使全体考生在十分相似的考试环境中考试。 • 5)改进评分方法,提高评分的客观性和准确性。 标准化测试在以上5个方面都有切实可行的办法,因此信度高。 高中英语命题与考点分析
3. 可行性 • 测试无论规模大小,其过程分为三个阶段:准备阶段、施测阶段和评分阶段,每个阶段都有可行性问题。 • 对于大规模的考试,命题人员尽可能考虑周到,为后续工作提供方便。 • 例如:试卷的版面设计要规范、方便考生、阅卷教师和工作人员;为阅卷教师提供的答案要明确、全面,评分标准要详尽,答题卡的设计要方便计算机阅卷。编排 高中英语命题与考点分析
4. 区分性 • 测试应该要起到能够区分考生能力高低的作用。 • 测试要具有多大的区分度,视具体情况具体分析。 • 一般的“过关”考试,希望大部分甚至全部的人都通过考试,这时区分度就不宜太高。 • 高考是选拔类的考试,区分度应该怎样? 对于具有选拔性功能的高考 来说,考试目的是为了择优,这就需 要有很强的区分力。 高中英语命题与考点分析
难易度与区分度 • 测试评分结束后,应依据测试的结果进行题项分析(item analysis),计算每小题的难易度(facility value)和区分度(discrimination index) • 难度值:该数值与难度呈反比,范围在0—1,数值越高,越容易。 • 把试卷中每道题的难度值加起来除以题数,所得的值为整卷的难度值。 高中英语命题与考点分析
区分度:反映的是试题区分力的强弱程度。区分指数为-1 -- +1. • 在计算区分指数时,把考生按照所得的总分的高低分成人数相等的高低两个组。 当高分组答对某题的人数比低分组答对此题的人多时,区分指数为正数; 当两组人数一样时,区分指数为0; 当前者人数反比后者少时,区分指数为负数。 高中英语命题与考点分析
区分指数 高分组答对该题的人数 低高分组答对该题的人数 区分度 每组人数(高分组和 低分组人数应一样) 高中英语命题与考点分析
为了提高试题的区分度,通常在试测之后要修改或删除区分度低的题目,特别是区分度≤0的。为了提高试题的区分度,通常在试测之后要修改或删除区分度低的题目,特别是区分度≤0的。 • 把所有题目的区分度加起来除以题数就获得整份试卷的区分指数。 高中英语命题与考点分析
67. The purpose of the passage is to show you how to ____. • A. play your cards right • B. use your cards abroad • C. draw cash with your cards • D. pay for goods with your cards 高中英语命题与考点分析
二、命题:试题结构 • 一道试题至少由以下三个部分组成: 输入题干(文本、图片、音频、视频等) 过程 (辨析、理解、分析、推理、概括、 产出……) 输出 答案(选择式和构建式) 高中英语命题与考点分析
命题的基本过程 无偏颇性、难易适中 题干 考点 • 选材 • 设置考点 • 设置干扰项 21. Tom: Mike, our team will play against the Rockets this weekend. I’m sure we will win. Mike: ________! A. Congratulations B. Cheers C. Best wishes D. Good luck 考点明确 答案 干扰项 单维性 选项 高中英语命题与考点分析
1. 单项填空 • 本大题的命制要着重考查语法和词汇知识在特定语境中的应用,要特别注意语境的设置,并保证主干知识的覆盖面。 高中英语命题与考点分析
1. 单项填空 • [题干] • 由一个句子或一组短对话构成。题干至少包含一个可作为考点的语法结构或意义关系。 • [答案] • 答案选项通常是一个词、短语、结构或交际用语。它是正确理解题干中的语法结构或意义关系的必然结果,也就是,正确答案的选择必须基于对题干结构或意义的正确理解。 • [干扰项] • 单项填空中的干扰方式主要包括(1)词形干扰、(2)词义干扰、(3)用法干扰以及(4)结构干扰。 高中英语命题与考点分析
单项填空: 考点分类 语法属性 结构分析 固定结构 结构 题干 意义理解 逻辑关系 意义 二维分类 I could have been on time for the meeting, but I ___ in a traffic jam for over half an hour. 动词变化 语法辨析 意义辨析 语用辨析 • have caught • have been caught • was caught • caught 选择项 高中英语命题与考点分析
Faced with Challenges, you should believe your courage is ____ makes a difference. • what • that • which • whether 高中英语命题与考点分析
考点设置突出:知识链 ●考点明确 ●分布合理 干扰项设置突出: 相同语法范畴 或 具有某一区别特征 高中英语命题与考点分析
单项填空考点分析 (福建2009高考英语) • 21. A. I practice every day B. Thank you very muchC. No, I don’t think so D. Well, it’s not good enough • 22. A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted • 23. A. of B. for C. by D. about • 24. A. that B. when C. which D. where • 25. A. voices had come B. came voices C. voices would comeD. did voices come • 26. A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean • 27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek • 28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on • 29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration • 30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardly • 31. A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes • 32. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded • 33. A. when B. while C. after D. since • 34. A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked • 35. A. would not win B. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won 高中英语命题与考点分析
单项填空考点分析 (福建2009高考英语) • 21. A. I practice every day B. Thank you very muchC. No, I don’t think so D. Well, it’s not good enough • 22. A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted • 23. A. of B. for C. by D. about • 24. A. that B. when C. which D. where • 25. A. voices had come B. came voices C. voices would comeD. did voices come • 26. A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean • 27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek • 28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on • 29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration • 30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardly • 31. A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes • 32. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded • 33. A. when B. while C. after D. since • 34. A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked • 35. A. would not win B. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won 高中英语命题与考点分析
单项填空考点分析 (福建2009高考英语) • 21. A. I practice every day B. Thank you very muchC. No, I don’t think so D. Well, it’s not good enough • 22. A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted • 23. A. of B. for C. by D. about • 24. A. that B. when C. which D. where • 25. A. voices had come B. came voices C. voices would comeD. did voices come • 26. A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean • 27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek • 28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on • 29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration • 30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardly • 31. A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes • 32. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded • 33. A. when B. while C. after D. since • 34. A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked • 35. A. would not win B. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won 高中英语命题与考点分析
单项填空考点分析 (福建2009高考英语) • 21. A. I practice every day B. Thank you very muchC. No, I don’t think so D. Well, it’s not good enough • 22. A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted • 23. A. of B. for C. by D. about • 24. A. that B. when C. which D. where • 25. A. voices had come B. came voices C. voices would comeD. did voices come • 26. A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean • 27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek • 28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on • 29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration • 30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardly • 31. A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes • 32. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded • 33. A. when B. while C. after D. since • 34. A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked • 35. A. would not win B. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won 高中英语命题与考点分析
单项填空考点分析 (福建2009高考英语) • 21. A. I practice every day B. Thank you very muchC. No, I don’t think so D. Well, it’s not good enough • 22. A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted • 23. A. of B. for C. by D. about • 24. A. that B. when C. which D. where • 25. A. voices had come B. came voices C. voices would comeD. did voices come • 26. A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean • 27. A. beg B. hesitate C. desire D. seek • 28. A. fight for B. apply for C. call on D. wait on • 29. A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration • 30. A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardly • 31. A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes • 32. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded • 33. A. when B. while C. after D. since • 34. A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked • 35. A. would not win B. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won 高中英语命题与考点分析
22. - Why does the Lake smell terrible? - Because large quantities of water ______. [语法属性] A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted • 25. For a moment nothing happened Then ______ all shouting together. [结构分析] A. voices had come B. came voices C. voices would come D. did voices come • 31. According to the literary review, Shakespeare ______ his charities live through their language in his plays. [语法属性] A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes • 32.______ not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. [结构分析] A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded • 34. In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, ______ the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy. [意义理解] A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked • 35. But for the help of my English teacher, I ______ the first prize in the English Writing Competition. [特殊结构] A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won 高中英语命题与考点分析
23. - How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer space! - It’s a challenge, I guess, ______ man against nature. [意义理解] A. of B. for C. by D. about • 24. It’s helpful to put children in a situation ______ they can see themselves differently. [结构分析] A. that B. when C. which D. where • 26. -Your mum is very kind. -Yeah, My mum is pretty considerate, you know what ______, she always arranges everything around me.[逻辑关系] A. she means B. you mean C. I mean D. we mean • 33. She had just finished her homework ______ her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.[固定结构] A. when B. while C. after D. since 高中英语命题与考点分析
27. We are at your service. Don’t ______ to turn to us if you have any further problems. [意义理解] • A. beg • B. hesitate • C. desire • D. seek • 28. The Somali robbers’ frequent attacks on the sea urged the United Nations to ______ all nations to take immediate action. [意义理解] • A. fight for • B. apply for • C. call on • D. wait on • 29. The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any ______ when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April,2009. [意义理解] • A. delay • B. effort • C. schedule • D. consideration 高中英语命题与考点分析
命题技巧: • (a) 考点与答对概率 • You’re going to the movies, ________? • aren’t you • don’t we • aren’t they • aren’t I • You’re going to the movies, _______ you? • aren’t • don’t • are • do 高中英语命题与考点分析
命题技巧: • Don’t you find it surprising that such a nice house _________ uninhabited by its owner ever since the time it was built? • would have been leaved • should have been left • should be leaved • would be left 高中英语命题与考点分析
22. - Why does the Lake smell terrible? - Because large quantities of water ______. A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted 高中英语命题与考点分析
命题技巧: • (b) 干扰项的相容: 对于不懂得正确选项的考生来说,每个干扰项都应该具有似乎可能性 高中英语命题与考点分析
命题技巧: • (C)答案的唯一性 • Which do you think tastes ______, the chicken or the fish? • well • good • better • best • Frankly only one of these two dishes tastes good. The other tastes awful. • Which do you think tastes good, the chicken or the fish? • These two dishes, the chicken and the fish, both taste better than all the others. • But we must choose one for the first prize. Which do you think tastes best, the chicken or the fish? • You’ve tried my wife’s two famous dishes – the chicken and the fish. Which do you think tastes ______? 高中英语命题与考点分析
命题技巧: • (d) 消除提示正确选项的线索 • Some people think that they have a ____to the problems of car crowding and pollution in large cities. • A. solution B. answer C. advice D. suggestion • He is a brutal man and so everybody _________ him. A. dislike B. respects C. pities D. praises 高中英语命题与考点分析
命题技巧: • (e)避免诡题 • When I met Tim yesterday, it was the first time I _________ him since Christmas. • saw • have seen • had seen • have been seeing • I would say it is not impossible for someone not as careful as you are to _______ this not very important point. • overdo • overlook • overrate • overstate 高中英语命题与考点分析