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文學的 寫實主義 與 自然主義 Realism and Naturalism in Literature

文學的 寫實主義 與 自然主義 Realism and Naturalism in Literature. 董 崇 選 中山醫大應用外語系教授 「懂更懂學習英文網站」負責人 網址： http://dgdel.nchu.edu.tw. I. 何謂 Realism?. Portrayal of life with fidelity ( 逼真描寫人生 ) or truthful representation of reality ( 忠實再現實体 )

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文學的 寫實主義 與 自然主義 Realism and Naturalism in Literature

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  1. 文學的 寫實主義 與 自然主義Realism and Naturalism in Literature 董 崇 選 中山醫大應用外語系教授 「懂更懂學習英文網站」負責人 網址：http://dgdel.nchu.edu.tw

  2. I. 何謂 Realism? • Portrayal of life with fidelity (逼真描寫人生) or truthful representation of reality (忠實再現實体) • Depiction (描寫) of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment (修飾) or interpretation (詮釋), and without personal bias (偏見). • A mid-19th Century movement following Romanticism. • Champfleury’s “Le Réalisme”

  3. II. 何謂 Naturalism? • 原哲學術語指 materialism, Epicureanism(享樂主義), secularism (世俗主義), etc. • 後指 belief that every existing thing is a part of nature and thus can be explained by natural and material causes. • An extreme form of Realism. • Zola’s Le Roman expérimental(The Experimental Novel )

  4. III. 兩主義之同與異： 1. Method: inductive, observational, and hence objective (歸納、觀察、客觀) • 觀察分析 a slice of life (人生的「切片」) 2. Implications: a. material determinism (物質決定論) b. all-inclusiveness of subject matter (題材全包) • 強調 heredity (遺傳) & environment (環境) • 認為 Nothing is unclean: 什麼都可寫。

  5. III. 兩主義之同與異： 3. Interest: contemporary (當代的), real life • 要 the everyday, the normal, the observable, the pragmatic (實用的), etc. • 不要 the historical, the remote (遙遠的), the imaginary, the fantastic, the idyllic (田園的), the idealistic, the unsullied (不污染的), etc. 4. Reaction: against classicism, Romanticism, “art for art sake” 5. Difference: More than Realism, Naturalism is preoccupied with “ugliness”: • 喜歡寫 slums (貧民區), poverty, disease, dirt,sex, etc.

  6. IV. 影響兩主義之背景： • The invention of photography in 1839 • Comte’s application of scientific ideas to the study of society. • Taine’s application of deterministic (決定的) theories to literature • Darwin’s evolutionary(進化)theories • English utilitarianism (功利主義): Bentham and Mill • The realistic or naturalistic paintings of Courbet

  7. Burial at Ornans by Courbet

  8. V. 一些名言： • “A novel is a mirror walking along the road.” --Stendhal • “My book is an analytical labor on two living bodies like that of a surgeon on corpses.” --Zola, Preface to Thérèse Raquin • “To a chemist nothing on earth is unclean. A writer must be as objective as a chemist; he must abandon the subjective line; he must know that dung heaps play a very respectable part in a landscape, and that evil passions are as inherent in life as good ones.” --Chekhov • “Even the most artful of writers will give himself (and his morality) away in about every third sentence.” --Conrad

  9. VI. 兩個寫實方向： • Social realism: 講究 accuracy of external detail (外在細節) • Towards Marxism (馬克斯主義) 2.Psychological realism: 注意 complexity of the inner workings of the mind (心靈內部作用之複雜性) • Towards the “stream of consciousness” technique (「意識流」技巧)

  10. VII. 代表作家與作品: • France: • Balzac: Père Goriot (《高老爹》) in La Comèdie Humaine (90多個故事) • Flaubert: Madame Bovary (《包法利夫人》) • Dumas, fils (小仲馬): LaDame aux Camélias (《茶花女》) • Maupassant: “The Necklace” (〈項鍊〉) • Zola: Thérèse Raquin, the Rougon-Macquart novels (20冊) • Stendhal: Le rough et le noir (The Red and the Black, 《紅與黑》)

  11. VII. 代表作家與作品: • England: • Dickens:David Copperfield (《塊肉餘生錄》), Oliver Twist(《孤雛淚》), Hard Times (《艱硬的時代》), A Tale of Two Cities(《雙城記》) • Thackeray: Vanity Fair(《浮華世界》) • George Eliot: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner • Hardy:The Return of the Native, Tess of the D’Urbervilles (《黛絲姑娘》), The Mayor of Casterbridge, Jude the Obscure • Shaw:Pygmalion (電影 My Fair Lady《窈窕淑女》), • Joyce:The Dubliners, Ulysses

  12. VII.代表作家與作品: • Russia: • Gogol 果戈里: “The Cloak” (〈大衣〉),Dead Souls • Turgenev 屠格涅夫:Fathers and Children • Tolstoy托 爾斯泰:War and Peace, Anna Kerenina • Dostoevsky 朵斯妥也夫斯基:Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov • Gorky 高爾基:The Lower Depths • Chekhov 契柯夫:The Cherry Orchard

  13. VII. 代表作家與作品: • Germany: • Hauptmann: The Weavers -- Scandinavia:挪威 與 瑞典 • Ibsen 易卜生: A Doll’s House (娃娃之家),Hedda Gabler, Ghosts • Strindberg 史特林保: Miss Julie (朱莉小姐)

  14. VII. 代表作家與作品: • America: • Howells:The Rise of Silas Lapham • Anderson:Winesberg, Ohio (小城故事) • Steinbeck:The Grapes of Wrath (憤怒的葡萄) • Dreiser:Sister Carrie, An American Tragedy • Mark Twain:Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn (頑童歷險記) • Henry James:The Portrait of a Lady, The Ambassadors, Daisy Miller

  15. VIII. Conclusion: • There has been realism of all sorts since the year dot. (自古就有各種寫實) • Realism is often hardly differentiated from naturalism. (寫實主義與自然主義很難分辨) • Realism or naturalism is best expressed in the novel and the drama. (小說與戲劇為主) • Realism or naturalism has spread from Europe to America and other parts of the world. (兩主義已推展至全世界)

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