Principles and Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation

1. 靜宜大學 生態研究所 碩士班 生物多樣性與保育策略Biodiversity and Conservation Strategies 鄭先祐(Ayo) 國立 臺南大學 環境與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系 教授 Japalura@hotmail.com

2. 生物多樣性保育的原則與策略 • 第一節 全球生物多樣性 • 第二節 生態保育的策略 目錄

3. Components of Biodiversity • Genetic diversity (基因多樣性) • Population-level diversity (族群的多樣性) • Plasticity (可塑性) • Human cultural diversity (人類文化的多樣性) • 6,526 distinct spoken languages, with the greatest diversity concentrated in tropical regions. (Fig. 2.1) • Diversity of species (物種的多樣性)

4. Fig. 2.1 Linguistic diversity across the world.

6. Genetic (基因) Population-species (族群) Community-ecosystem (群落-生態體系) Landscape (地景) Composition (組成) Structure (構造) Function (功能) Essay 2.1 Hierachical indicators for monitoring changes in biodiversity Fig A. compositional, structural, and functional attributes of biodiversity at four levels of organization. Table A. Hierarchical indicators for monitoring biodiversity

7. 組成 結構 功能

8. How many species • 現生物種約有175萬種，以及30萬種化石物種 • Table 2.1 Number of living species in major phyla. • 植物類約有29萬種(50-55%) ，估計有53萬種。 • 真菌類約有8萬種(5%)，估計有150萬種。 • 動物類約有130萬種(<11%)，估計至少有1,154萬種。(Table 2.1)

9. Table 2.1 Number of Living species in Major phyla

10. 表4.1 地球自然生物已命名的和估計現有的(含未命名) 物種數量。按主要界別(phyla)。 ※數據整理摘取自：Groom, Meffe, and Carroll (2006), p.33, Table 2.1。

11. Diversity of higher taxa • Five kingdoms (五個界) • Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera (prokaryotes) • Monera: Archaea and bacteria (Fig. 2.2)

13. 恐龍時代 哺乳類時代 脊椎動物 Fig. 10.20 演化時鐘。整個地球的歷史濃縮為12小時。從半夜零點至正中午12點。 參考 Table 10.1 無脊椎 第一個細胞生命 真核 原核生命的時期

14. Five Kingdoms (五個生物界) 植物界 真菌界 Fig. 11.1 生物的五個生物界。 參考 Table 11.1 原生生物界 原核生物界

15. Biome diversity, eco-regions Diversity • Fig. 2.8 species richness (A) and endemism (B) of mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles is greatest in tropical moist forests, and lowest in deserts. • α-richness refers to the number of species found in a small, homogeneous area. • β-richness refer to the rate of change in species composition across habitats or among communities. • γ-richness refers to changes across larger landscape gradients.

16. Fig. 2.4 Biomes and climate.

17. 地質年代 • Species richness over geological time • Fig 2.5 Diversity of marine families from Cambrian to the present, • Fig. 2.6 Terrestrial plant species richness. • Fig. 2.7 Extinctions of families through geological time.

18. Table 2.2 Earth’s geological history

19. Table 2.2 Earth’s Geological history

20. Diversity of marine families,with five major mass extinction events

22. The indo-west Pacific is a marine diversity hotspot.

24. The importance of biodiversity • Table 2.4 Examples of ecosystem services • Supporting services (支持的服務) • Provisioning services (生活的服務) • Regulating services (調節的服務) • Cultural services (文化的服務)

25. The future of biodiversity studies • The incomplete state of our knowledge of the identities, taxonomic relationships, and distributions of the vast majority of the world’s organisms means that the primary work of cataloging biodiversity is yet to be done. • Today relatively few scientists are being trained as taxonomists. • Therefore, increasing the cadre of competent taxonomists, particularly in tropical nations, is an important goal.

26. E. O. Wilson(1992)’s strategy • A rapid assessment program (RAP) that would investigate within a few years. • The next stage would be to establish research station in areas believed to major hotspots of diversity. • The third stage, with a time frame of 50 years, would combine the inventories from RAP and the intensive studies at a small number of research stations with monographic studies of many groups of organisms to provide a more complete picture of global biodiversity and its distribution.

27. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA)千禧 生態體系 評估 • A large coalition of international development and conservation organizations, governments, and scientists has come together to assess the status of Earth’s ecosystems, the goods and services they provide, and the likely effects of potential pathways of human economic development on the future provisioning of these services and human well-being (Fig. 2.22) • The MA focuses both globally, and on subglobal regions of particular concern due to the difficulty of human existence or potential for serious declines in human welfare in these regions.

28. Millennium Ecosystem assessment千禧 生態體系 評估 (MA) • (Fig. 2.22) • Biodiversity (生物多樣性) → Ecosystem services → human well-being • Human well-being (人類的幸福) • Security (安全) • Basic material for a good life (好生活的基本物質) • Health (健康) • Good social relations (好的社會關係)

29. Fig. 2.22 Guiding framework for the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.

31. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA)

32. 1 Questions for discussion • The history of life has been punctuated by five episodes during which extinction rates were very high. • If extinction is a normal process, and if life has rediversified after each mass extinction, why should we be worried about the prospects of high extinction rates during this century? • How does the current extinction spasm differ from previous ones?

33. 2 Questions for discussion • Given that millions of species are yet to be described and named, how should the limited human and financial resources available for taxonomic research be allocated? • Should efforts be directed toward areas threatened with habitat destruction so that species can be collected before they are eliminated? • Should major efforts be directed to obtain complete “all taxa” surveys of selected areas? • How and by whom should these decisions be made?

34. 生態保育的策略 鄭先祐 生態主張者：Ayo 工作室

35. 傳統的方法 (範例)Heath hem (Tympanuchus cupido cupido) • 曾分布於New England 至Virginia State • 1876，只存在於 Martha's Vineyard。 • 1900，只剩不到100隻。 • 1907，設立refuge(保護區)。 • 1916，族群數目增加到800隻。但當年火災，冬天又有強大的掠食壓力，族群數目又下降到100隻至150隻。 • 1920，族群數目再上升至200隻。但又遭疾病侵襲，又再下降到100隻以下。 • 1932，滅絕。

36. 四項不確定因素 • (1) demographic stochasticity • (2) environmental stochasticity • (3) natural catastrophes • (4) genetic stochasticity

37. 研訂 minimum population size • (1) Experiments • (2) Biogeographic patterns • (3) Theoretical models • (4) Simulation models • (5) Genetic considerations

38. Genetic considerations 小族群容易滅絕的原因 • (1) inbreeding 造成homozygosity 上升。 • (2) Genetic drift • (3) 環境不斷變動。

39. 生物地理學(Biogeography) 生物隨著時間於空間上的分布情形之研究。 • 植物地理學(Plant geography) • 動物地理學(Zoogeography) • 島嶼生物地理學(Island Biogeography)

40. 生物地理學的發展史 • 1820 – 1940：主要為描述性的生物地理學。 • 1940年以後：Cain(1944)加入詮釋性的生物地理之研究，可分為：歷史生物地理學(Historical biogeography)與生態生物地理學(Ecological biogeography)。 • 1961年研討會：兩種遷移法：(1)跨越水域，(2)經由暫時性的陸橋。

41. 1960年代的島嶼生物地理學 原則： • (1) 愈大愈好。 • (2)不要切割。 • (3)切割後，每塊間的距離愈近愈好。 • (4)周長/面積，要愈小愈好。

42. Fig. 10. Schematic illustration of some principles for the design of nature reserves.

43. Fig.5a. The Galapagos Islands

44. Fig. 5b. Number of land-plant species on the Galapagos islands in relation to the area of the island. S= 28.6A 0.32

45. Fig. 6. Species-area curve for the amphibians and reptiles of the West Indies. S= 3.3A 0.30

46. Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops.(b) Species-area relationship for the resident boreal birds of the mountaintops in the Great Basin.

47. Fig. 9. Island biogeography applied to mountaintops. (c) Species-area relationship for the boreal mammal species.

48. Fig. 7. Equilibrium model of a biota of a single island.

49. Fig. 8 Equilibrium models of biotas of several islands of varying distances from the principal source area and of varying size.

50. Fig. 10 Colonization curves of four small mangroves islands in the lower Florida Keys, whose entire faunas, consisting almost solely of arthropods, were exterminated by methyl bromide fumigation.