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UOS Catalog Law College Bashar H. Malkawi

The College of Law catalogue. Bashar H. Malkawi

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UOS Catalog Law College Bashar H. Malkawi

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  1. Law College of

  2. COLLEGE OF LAW Officers of the College Professor Hamid Al-Naimiy Chancellor Professor Bashar H. Malkawi Dean College of Law Dr. Ali Abdulhamid Vice Dean College of Law Administrative Support Staff Mutaz Alotaibi Administrative Senior Officer Bahiya Ismail Administrative Assistant Amna Shemal Administrative Assistant Noha Al-Naqbi Administrative Coordinator - Khorfakkan Branch Jamila Ali Administrative Assistant - Kalba Branch College of Law Contact Information College of Law Building, M1 University City Sharjah, UAE Tel: 00971-6-5050195 Fax: 00971-6-5050140 www.sharjah.ac.ae/ar/acadimics/colleges/law/pages/default.aspx History The College of Law was established in 2001 to meet the demands of local and regional communities for qualified legal professionals holding bachelor degrees in law. Over time, the College has expanded in its programs to offer the master program in private law in the fall of 2004-2005 and the master program in public Law in the spring of 2005-2006. In light of the increasing number of those who wish to study law, the University established a branch for the College of Law in Khorfakan in the fall of 2007-2008 admitting its first class of 45 students. Furthermore, the College estab- lished another branch in Kalba in the fall of 2010-2011. In the fall of 2014-2015, a total of 382 students enrolled in both branches. The College has continued to expand by offering programs to achieve its goals of providing skilled and professional academics, the College thus offered the doctorate program in law (Public Law and Private Law) in the fall of 2011-2012. The College has witnessed an increasing number of students. A large number of students graduated at the end of the academic year 2013-2014. 455

  3. Accreditation All programs offered in the College of Law are accredited by the UAE’s Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MOHSER). Vision To be a pioneer college in the Gulf region and the Arab world in the field of legal studies using distinctive teaching methods and conducting serious scientific research directed toward society so as to prepare students to be leaders in the future. Mission The mission is based on the following pillars: 1. Making entry to the job market of qualified legal professionals equipped with the knowledge and practical experience to fill the needs of development plans and preserve the heritage and identity of society. 2. The effective contribution through scientific research in developing legal sciences and its various legislative applications. 3. The provision of various types of legal services for individuals and the local community to enhance its Islamic and Arabic identity. Goals The College of Law strives to achieve the following goals: 1. Build and develop a sound academic base for students in all college programs in the different legal sciences and link it with the legislative school of Islamic and Arabic society. 2. Make available interactive and cohesive scientific and practical environment which support acts of teaching, learning, research, and training by all members of the college. 3. Meet the development needs of the country or the area- in total or partially- by developing high caliber legal cadre to meet the needs of the labor market. 4. Develop student personality scientifically and ethically through methods such as leading by example and em- power the student with creative skills such as critical thinking, assessment of conclusions, deduction, meeting deadlines, perfecting work, and other skills. 5. Use of modern teaching techniques-theoretical and practical- for college students and society in general through training programs and legal consultations. 6. Offer unique graduate studies for bright students to pursue their master and doctorate degrees and organizing scientific events to support study and scientific research. 7. Active participation with professional societies and community institutions to support and raise public aware- ness of legal knowledge and justice principles as they relate to the values of Islamic civilization. 8. Build firm bridges with local associations and different business sectors to meet the needs of the labor market and develop study plans continuously. 456

  4. Academic Programs The College of Law offers the following Academic Programs: 1. Bachelor in Law 2. Master in Private Law 3. Master in Public Law 4. Master in Air and Space Law 5. Doctor of Philosophy in Law – Private Law 6. Doctor of Philosophy in Law- Public Law All programs offered by the College of Law are taught in Arabic. The Bachelor program are described in the Arabic version of the University undergraduate bulletin. The Master and Ph.D. programs are described in the University Graduate bulletin. Admission Requirements Admission to the College of Law is subject to satisfying the requirements described in the Admissions section in the University part of this bulletin. Please refer to that section for details. College of Law Graduation Requirements The Bachelor of Law degree program comprises 126 credits distributed in three categories: University requirements (UR), college requirements (CR), and program requirements (PR). The credit hours allocations in each category are listed in the following tables: Master in Air and Space Law Program The United Arab Emirates’ march towards globalization has created the need for professionally trained people to lead and manage the legal aspects of a global economy. The UAE is a contracting party to General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and one of the founding Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The Commercial Agency Law (revised in June 2010) is based on the principle of free and open economy that encourages local and international investment from people of all nationalities. To foster international trading ties and to attract MNCs & TNCs to establish their affiliates in the country, the UAE has signed several free trade agreements (FTAs) with the EU, the U.S., Australia, New Zealand and with all major economies of the world. Several new joint stock companies (both public & private) have been established in the UAE. The nation has a legal infrastructure to participate in the world economy. On par with technologically advanced countries, the UAE has built world class air transport facilities and ameni- ties to cater to the needs and demands of the global market. The GCAA is making excellent efforts to cater to the needs of passengers and cargo to and from various world destinations. The UAE’s geographic location lends itself to making the country a world hub in air transport. The UAE created a Federal Emirati Space Agency to capitalize on the growing Middle East presence in the global space industry. The UAE is building and improving its strengths in air transportation and commercial space development, and is poised to take its place among the world leaders in these fields. 457

  5. Air and space law is the emerging area of study that addresses the legal and regulatory aspects of these economic strengths. There is an urgent need to educate UAE students and legal professionals with accurate knowledge in these fields in order to prepare them to lead the nation in its growth and development. Since we are living in the age of specialization in both public and private legal environments, air travel and transport companies prefer to recruit individuals who have excellent legal skills, language proficiency, and relevant legal work experience. “Emiratization” is a mandate under the UAE law, with a goal to educate and employ UAE nationals to lead in both public and private sectors. The majority of law firms in the UAE are equipped with foreign lawyers, most of whom are educated with specialized legal skills. Consequently, few Emirati lawyers are able to participate in international and global legal transactions because they are not well equipped with specialized training, including air and space law related areas. The College of Law at University of Sharjah recognizes the lack of sophisticated legal training in this field and established a Masters Degree (MASL) in Air and Space Law to address this need. Thus, this Program should significantly help “Emiratize” the practice of air and space law in the UAE. There is an urgent need to educate and train UAE students in air and space law to produce first class international lawyers. To meet the growing demand and to face these challenges, a systematic and academically rigorous approach is needed to provide in-depth training in air and space law. There is a growing demand in the UAE for lawyers, espe- cially with specialized training in the field of air and space law. This demand is even greater with the establishment of a space Program Goals 1. Provide students with the highest level of learning knowledge in air and space law. 2. Enhance self, social, academic and personal development of students through preparing them to undertake leadership positions in their chosen professions. 3. Enhance and enriching knowledge through exploration and scientific research in collaboration with various research institutions all over the world. 4. Contribute to the cultural, social, economic development of society through positive response and cooperation with public and private institutions and organizations. 5. Maintain and enhancing culture and both Islamic and Arabic heritage by supporting and developing academic and research programs in these areas as well as through liaising with other academic and cultural institutions in both the Arabic and Islamic world. 6. Enhance the quality and reputation of higher education in UAE by cooperating with other institutions of higher education. 7. Contribute to the development of education and human resources in Sharjah and UAE through adapting aca- demic and professional programs which reflect the future needs of work market, and by providing continuous educational and training programs to enhance the level of knowledge and qualifications for workforces. Program Learning Outcomes 1. Demonstrate advanced and integrated knowledge of the key principles, rules and institutions relating to the international air and space law. 2. Apply specialized knowledge of the key rules and legal policy issues relating to the international law regimes on civil aviation, aviation insurance, liability for aviation risks and criminal activity during international air travel. 3. Analyze the key rules and policy issues relating to the space objects, commercial use of outer space and the use of outer space for military purposes. 458

  6. 4. Critically evaluate the current status and effectiveness of the key treaties, rules and institutions of international air and space law. 5. Compare between the different schools of legal systems, jurisprudence, and judicial approaches. 6. Analyze different legal, jurisprudential and judicial opinions especially those related to the UAE legal system. 7. Complete an analytical research paper in one of the space law subjects. 8. Conduct legal research using both traditional and electronic resources to answer legal questions and issues and to practice writing legal memoranda, briefs, and letters. Competing Programs in UAE The University of Sharjah is the only institution in the UAE that offers a specialized Master on Air and Space Law. At present, there is no registered program, whether undergraduate or postgraduate, in the UAE that provides special- ized studies on air and space law. This information is based on the data provided by the Commission for Academic Accreditation at: https://www.caa. ae/caa/DesktopModules/InstPrograms.aspx - Relation of the Program to other Programs in the College of Law The College of Law at the University of Sharjah offers two master programs; Master in Private Law and Master in Public Law. The Master in Air and Space Law will be the third master which combines courses from both private and public law. However, the courses offered by the Master in Air and Space Law cover a specialized area of law that is not covered under other courses and programs. College of Law Maximum and Minimum Periods for Program Completion According to the University policies and procedures of graduate studies, the minimum period of program comple- tion is two academic years, while the maximum period is four years. Program Structure Requirement Credit Hours Compulsory Courses 18 Elective Courses 6 Dissertation 9 Total Credit Hours 33 Degree Completion Requirements The Masters in Air and Space Law program consists of nine courses; (Total 33 credits). Students are required to com- plete all Compulsory courses (Total of 18 credit hours), and selected 2 Elective courses according to the study plan. 459

  7. Study Plan: Course List Pre-Requests Cr H Course Name Remedial Courses - 3 Introduction to law - 3 Public International law Compulsory Courses - 3 Private Air law: Treaties and cases Public International Air law: Treaties and Institutions - 3 - 3 International Space law and communication International Space law and communication 3 Comparative Space law and Regulation Private Air law 3 Civil Aviation Law and Policy: UAE Specific Private Air law Public International Air law International Space law and communication 3 Legal Research and legal writing 15 Cr H 0 Internship 9 Thesis (Dissertation) Elective Courses (select two) Aviation Safety and Security: Issues in air traffic management - 3 Private Air law 3 Air transport competition law and policy Private Air law Public International Air law Private Air law Liberalization of Air Transport: UAE Government Regulations Aircraft Financing and leasing 3 3 Private Air law Public International Air law International Space law and communication Aviation and Airspace risk, Liability, insurance and dispute Resolution 3 A student is not eligible to register for the thesis (to be written in English) unless he/she has successfully passed %50 of the courses. With the cooperation of the student supervisor, each candidate is required to publish a minimum of one research paper relates to his/her master thesis in peer-reviewed law journal. 460

  8. Study Plan: Course Distribution Year 1 Fall Semester Spring Semester No#. Course Title Cr. Hr No#. Course Title Cr. Hr Private Air Law: Treaties and Cases Public International Air Law: Treaties and Institutions International Space law and Communication Civil Aviation Law & Policy: UAE Specific Comparative Space law and Regulation Legal Research and Legal Writing 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 Year 2 Fall Semester Spring Semester No#. Course Title Cr. Hr No#. Course Title Cr. Hr College of Law 1 An Elective Course 3 1 Thesis 9 2 An Elective Course 3 Courses Description 1- Introduction to Law This course is designed for those with no formal knowledge of law. The course introduces students to a range of introductory legal issues concerning the sources, institutions, and underpinnings of the law. Students will gain an understanding and appreciation of basic legal issues through: the practical application of statutory interpretation; role of courts in applying legislation; and use of precedents. The course will address various legal subjects including contract law, tort law, product liability law, litigation law and alternative dispute resolution (ADR). The course will also identify both civil law and common law legal systems. 2- Public International Law This course provides an introduction to international law. It covers the major areas of general international law and is not over-specialized. The lectures cover the core tutorial topics on the nature and sources of international law, the law of treaties, international legal personality, jurisdiction and immunities, state responsibility, the use of force and the procedures for peaceful settlement of disputes, and international organizations. In addition, the course focuses on some areas such the law of the sea, international humanitarian law, and international environmental law. 461

  9. 3- Private Air law: Treaties and cases The aim of this course is examine the impact of air cargo law developments on the airline business, and understand the different approaches and solutions to the complex air cargo law issues. It will review the international conven- tions on air law in relation to cargo liability, namely Warsaw 1929 and Montreal 1999 conventions for the Unifica- tion of certain rules relating to international carriage by air. Both conventions attempts to re-establish uniformity and predictability of rules relating to the international carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo. The course exam- ines the core provisions which have served the international air transport community for several decades. In addi- tion to that, related national, European and U.S. measures and rules are going to be discussed in details. Moreover, the course will address third party liability, passenger protection, ATC liability, and aviation product liability. This is to also evaluate the national rules and to explore the difference between agent and forwarder liability. 4- Public International Air law: Treaties and Institutions This course covers the Chicago Convention system regarding international civil aviation, including its drafting his- tory, bilateral air service agreements, criminal law treaties and arrangements, criminal air law and aviation secu- rity, the International Civil Aviation Organization, the International Air Transport Association, and other public and private organizations, both world-wide and regional, such as ACAC, AFCAC, LACAC, ECAC, ICC, OECD, UNCTAD and WTO. Moreover, the course focuses on some contemporary topics, such as the regulation of unmanned aerial, or air, vehicle (UAVs), global MBMs for emissions, noise regulation, airport charges, slot allocation and ground han- dling. Inter-airline co-operation, especially alliances, is also covered under this course. 5- International Space law and communication This course discusses the genesis, substance and future of the corpus juris spatialis - consisting of the Outer Space Treaty, including its drafting history, the Rescue and Return Agreement, the Liability Convention, the Registration Convention and the Moon Agreement. The course also covers more recent conventions including the UN interna- tional legal instruments at the level of so-called principles, and the institutional legislative process in relation to law-making for outer space activities, with particular emphasis on law-making in the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Also, the course addresses the legal and policy aspects of current and future outer space activities, both space and earth-oriented, such as research and development programs, remote sensing, commercial exploitation of natural resources, military uses, and telecommunications. Furthermore, the various specialized institutions and intergov- ernmental organizations (e.g. ETISALAT, ESA, INTELSAT, INMARSAT, EUTELSAT and EUMETSAT) will be addressed, including the process of privatization which some have undergone in recent years. Also, the implementation of the international rules at the domestic level by means of national space legislation will be covered in terms of existing and future regimes. 6- Comparative Space law and Regulation This course surveys the national regulatory frameworks governing space activities, with a particular focus on the legal frameworks that govern private and governmental entities engaged in space activities. Activities addressed at the national or regional level include discussions on national space authorities, supranational bodies, and licensing schemes and operation requirements for launching, remote sensing and telecommunications. The course provides students with a thorough knowledge of the myriad legal issues involved in space activities, including state obliga- tions under the UN treaties, international law, private international law, and national space laws, regulations and policies. 462

  10. 7- Civil Aviation Law and Policy: UAE Specific This course focuses on the federal government air transport regulations and various provisions relating to safety and security and certificate of financial fitness, air transport services, non-essential airport related services, air- ports, consumer protection, labor, air Navigation and communication, and environment. The role of the General Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) in policy making and their implementation- with a special reference to the standards recommended by the ICAO, which are compiled with by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Eu- ropean Aviation Safety Agency- will be an integral part of this course. 8- Aviation Safety and Security: Issues in Air Traffic Management This course is designed to give a comprehensive understanding of the elements and functions involved in compliant ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS). Understanding the context and drivers of a Safety Management System in addition to differentiate existing safety management organization and new elements of a SMS are going to be discussed in details in this course. During this course, candidates will identify related civil aviation safety and se- curity risks, learn how to manage security risks and incidents, and analyze various emergency planning response options. This is to increase their understanding of the legal framework in which aviation security operates, identify key practices for securing civil aviation and understand how to implement them in different regimes. Learn how aviation security is integrated within the aviation industry, and evaluate how business decisions are being affected by threats and risks. Learn how to balance security with cost effectiveness, and develop effective communication techniques to deal with airlines, authorities, and other entities. College of Law 9- Air transport competition law and policy The aim of this course is to introduce legal concepts and details with regard to competition and antitrust law in both international best practices and national law. It will analyze the fundamental provisions of competition law according to European, American, and Emirates legal systems including the rules regarding: abuse of dominant position, horizontal and vertical agreements, merger control rules and policies. The course will take a comparative law perspective and will provide examples from cases in different legal systems in order to evaluate the efficiency of national rules to deal with the non- competitive behaviors of undertakings in aviation sector. 10- Liberalization of Air Transport: UAE Government Regulations This course covers various international and UAE air laws and policies, rules and regulations on liberalization and privatization of international air transport. The course will have a special focus on the UAE civil aviation authorities and their policies on the subject as well as the practice of negotiating air transport market access agreements, and the changes adopted by the UAE federal government to its air law; considering the European and the U.S. standards as a benchmark. The bilateral, multilateral, and regional treaties and agreements, negotiated by the UAE federal government with other nations, will be analyzed as a part of this course. 11- Aircraft Financing and Leasing his course provides coverage of the key aspects of the aviation leasing and finance industry. It provides analysis of the legal and practical issues in relation to what parties encounter in aircraft leasing and finance transactions, including national rules and international best practices. The course covers key legal, financial and technical issues, as well as an understanding of the broader regulation, tax, and insurance aspects relevant to aircraft leasing and finance. It also gives students knowledge about operations, along with the portfolio of expertise and skills they need to manage the financial risk, monetary policies, economic strategies used by commercial firms and regulators in the global air transportation industry, and leasing conditions, requirements and measures in terms of national legal system. 463

  11. 12- Aviation and Airspace Risk, Liability, Insurance and Dispute Resolution The course focuses on various types of insurance policies, their terms and conditions, the protection and coverage they offer in both of aviation and space law. The student will also learn the procedural aspects such as interpretation of clauses in the policy, investigation and procedure to make a claim from the insurance agencies. The students will be trained in dealing with the disputes of claims from passengers and cargo-owners, and various methods of resolu- tion including arbitration, conciliation, mediation, and negotiation. This course would also cover main subjects that are recognized in Liability Convention for damage caused by space objects, such as: distinction between liability and responsibility, issue of direct and indirect damage in outer space, defining problems with terms “Damage”, “Space object” and “Launching state”, concept of Launching state, difference between absolute liability and fault based li- ability, dispute settlement in outer space. Issues of Space Insurance will be covered as well. The working procedure of some internationally recognized Institutional Arbitral Tribunals, dealing with such disputes in the UAE, would be evaluated in this course. 13- Legal Research and Legal Writing This course offers the opportunity to gain in-depth working knowledge of legal research and legal writing resources and methods. The course is intended to develop a mastery of legal research beyond the level of the standard under- grad curriculum. The course will cover several major areas of legal research, legal writing and internship, including, but not limited to, extensive coverage of primary and secondary sources, practice and specialized topical resources. The student will be assigned a series of writing, research, and advocacy projects to engage the students in the pro- cess of legal reasoning. The course instructs the student in basic methods of legal analysis, effective written and oral communication of your analysis, and essential legal research tools and methodologies. 14- Internship Internship is a structured academic opportunity that allows students to apply academic skills and knowledge at the workplace. Students learn in an entirely different way from what they ever could have experienced in the class- room. This internship provides the ability for the students to work in aviation industry. These can mainly include the following: airports, UAE Civil Aviation Authority offices, and UAE Space Agency. The internship is supervised by an internal instructor from the staff of the master program. The internal instructor organizes a set of visits to the students at his/her placement during the internship. Students are required to write weekly, reflective journal entries that are signed by the external instructor and submitted to the internal instructor. A final report will be submitted to the instructor by the end of the internship. Bachelor of Law Bachelor of Law (126 Credits Hours) UR CR Total Mandatory Credits 12 93 105 Elective Credits 12 9 21 Total 24 102 126 464

  12. FACULTY LIST 2017-2018 PRIVATE LAW 1. Bakr Al-Serhan, Head of Private Law Department and Associate Professor, PhD, 2005, University of Leads, UK. 2. Sayed Ahmed Mahmoud Ahmed, Professor, PhD, 1990, University of Rennes, France. 3. Adnan I. Sirhan, Professor, PhD, 1994, Nantes University, France. 4. Ali Al Mehdawi, Professor, PhD, 1997, University of Baghdad. 5. Ahmad Qasim Hasan Farah, Associate Professor, PhD, 2004, University of Strasbourg, France. 6. Alaa Yaqub ALNaimi, Associate Professor, PhD, 2001, University of Baghdad, Iraq. 7. Usama Elrouby, Associate Professor, PhD, 2000, University of Dijon, France. 8. Ali Tourki, Associate Professor, PhD, 1998, Cairo University, Egypt. 9. Bashar Talal Ahmad Momani, Associate Professor, PhD, 2003, Mansoura University. 10. Rasha Hattab, Associate Professor, PhD, 2004, University of Strasbourg, France. College of Law 11. Salih Alluhibi, Associate Professor, PhD, 2006, University of Mousl, Iraq. 12. Imad El Din Ahmad Abdul Hay, Associate Professor, PhD 1997, NaNtes University, France. 13. Muayad Ahmad Muhialdeen Obeidat, Associate Professor, PhD, 2009, University of Mosul, Iraq. 14. Nada Zuhair Saeed Alfil, Associate Professor, PhD, 2004, University of Mosul, Iraq. 15. Nour Hamed Muslem AL Rhoom AL Hajaya, Associate Professor PhD, 1999, University De Rouen, France. 16. Mahmoud Fayyad, Associate Professor PhD, 2010, Gent University and Free University of Brussels (V.U.B), Belgium (Joined Program). 17. Yasir Basim Dhannoon, Associate Professor PhD, 2007, AL Nahrain University, Iraq. 18. Ayman Zain, Assistant Professor PhD, 2010, Alneelain University, Sudan. 19. Aouataf Zerara, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2013, University EL Hadj Lakhdar Batna, Algeria. 20. Mohammed Morsi, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2010, Helwan University, Egypt. 21. Mohamed Mohamed Marzouk, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2010, Mansoura University, Egypt. 22. Mohammed Sedeeq Mohammed, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2010, University of Mosul, Iraq. 23. Mourad Benseghir, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2012, University of Abou Bekr Belkaid, Algeria. 24. Mudafar Jaber AL Rawi, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2005, University of Tunis EL Manar, Tunisia. 25. Sameh Abdel Wahed Abd El Hamed, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2006, Zagaziq University, Egypt. 26. Eman MHD Momattaz Naboush, Visiting Assistant Professor, PhD, 2009, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK. 465

  13. PUBLIC LAW 1. Mohammed EL Shafie, Head of Public Law Department and Associate Professor, PhD, 2002, University of La Sorbonne (Paris1), France. 2. Mohammed Shalal ALani, Professor, PhD, 1991, University of Baghdad, Iraq. 3. Faysal Ben Halilou, Professor - Ph.D.1985, University of Miami, U.SA. 4. A’ad AL-Kaissi, Professor, PhD, 1980, University of Montpellier, France. 5. Abdulellah Mohammad Salim Al nawayseh, Professor, PhD. 6. Wael Allam, Associate Professor, PhD, 1994, University of Zagazig, Egypt. 7. Mousa Shahadeh, Associate Professor, PhD, 1992, University of Val De Marne (Paris12), France. 8. Zaid Zaid, Associate Professor, PhD, 2002, Glasgow Caledonian University, U.K 9. Faysal Ben Halilou, Professor, PhD, 1985, Miami University, USA. 10. Sam Dalla, Professor, PhD, 1997, University of Nantrs, France. 11. Noaman Mahmood, Associate Professor, PhD, 2000, University of Baghdad, Iraq. 12. Ma’Moun (Moh’d-said) Ibrahim Abuzeitoun, Associate Professor, Ph.D. 13. Rana Attour, Associate Professor, PhD, 2002, University of Toulouse, France. 14. Manal Monajed, Associate Professor, PhD, 2002, Ain Shams University, Egypt. 15. Mustafa Salim Mustafa, Associate Professor, PhD, 2005, University of Mosual, Iraq 16. Isam Alobaidy, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2007, University of Mosul, Iraq. 17. Ahmad Mousa Hayajneh, Associate Professor, PhD, 2006, The University of Warwick, UK. 18. Mohammed Nour ELDeen, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2005, University of Cairo, Egypt. 19. Khaled Dganni, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2009, Ain Shams University, Egypt. 20. Ahcene Rabhi, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2008, University of Algiers. 21. Ahmed Abdelsabour Abdelkariem Ahmed, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2009, Assiut University, Egypt. 22. Sarra Sefrioul, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2012, Universite Paris XI, France. 23. Shadi Adnan AL Shdaifat, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2012, Golden Gate University, USA. 24. Smain Labadi, Assistant Professor, PhD, 2013, University of Biskra, Algeria. 466

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