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Understanding the Relationship Between Victimization and Offending Over Time

This study explores the complex links between victimization and delinquency, showing correlations and causal relationships between the two over a span of three years. The research delves into various factors like social circles, personal characteristics, and risky behaviors that influence this connection. Findings support addressing youth needs beyond their roles as victims or offenders.

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Understanding the Relationship Between Victimization and Offending Over Time

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  1. The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith

  2. Volume of delinquency by variety of victimization: sweep 4

  3. Volume of broad delinquency by victimization: sweep 4

  4. Volume of serious delinquency by victimization: sweep 4

  5. Correlation between delinquency, bullying, and victimization: s.4

  6. Correlations between delinquency & victimization at successive sweeps

  7. Links between victimization and delinquency over time • The strongest link is between victimization and offending over the same 12-month period • But victimization is linked with delinquency up to three years later • Equally, delinquency is linked to victimization up to three years later

  8. Link between consistency of victimization and delinquency

  9. Explanations • Interaction within a social circle • Polarized circles of acquaintance • Interactions with intimate relationships • Common origins of offending and victimization • Personal characteristics • Social and environmental factors

  10. Explanations contd. • Causal relationships between offending and victimization • Offending causes victimization • Victimization causes offending

  11. Evidence relating to these explanations • Regression analyses use victimization at sweep 2 to predict delinquency at sweep 4, and vice versa • The basic model (step 1) confirms strong links in both directions. Adult harassment as well as victimization predicts later delinquency

  12. Evidence contd. • At step 2, personality (risk-taking) and social class explain a small part of the link • At step 3, risky activities and situations, and delinquent friends, explains a substantial part of the link • At steps 4 and 5, parental bonds and neighbourhood deprivation increase, and do not reduce, the link

  13. Conclusions • The most important factors explaining the link between victimization and offending are getting involved in risky activities and situations, and having a delinquent circle of friends • To a small extent, the same personality traits underlie both

  14. Conclusions contd. • There is evidence for a genuine causal link between victimization, running in both directions • The findings reinforce the Kilbrandon philosophy, which advocates dealing with young people according to their needs, not primarily as offenders or victims

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