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Pakistan

Explore the turbulent history of Pakistani politics, from independence to present leadership transitions and civil unrest, shaping the nation's government. Discover key events, leaders, and patterns of instability.

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Pakistan

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  1. Pakistan

  2. Pakistani Government and History of Political Instability

  3. Civil War Pakistan begins as two separate and divided states East Pakistan is more populous; West Pakistan houses government East Pakistan declares independence from West Pakistan in 1971 Civil war erupts; East Pakistan wins, becomes new nation of Bangladesh

  4. Politics • Pakistan goes back and forth from being a democracy and being ruled by a military dictator after a coup. • Pakistani politics have a tradition of being underhanded, violent, and volatile.

  5. Jinnah (1947)>> Pakistan Politics <<Zulfikar Bhutto (1973-77) Benazir Bhutto>> (1988-90, 93-96) Sharif (1990-93, 97-99) Zardari (now) << Musharraf (1999-2008)

  6. Pakistani Leadership • 1947-1948 Muhammed Ali Jinnah Governor General • 1948-1951 Liaquat Ali Khan Prime Minister • 1951-1958 Six Different Prime Ministers • 1958-1969 General Ayub Khan President Austin 2006

  7. Pakistani Leadership • 1969-1973 General Yahya Khan Military Leadership • 1973-1977 Zulfigar Ali Bhutto Prime Minister • 1977-1988 General Zia ul-Haq President Austin 2006

  8. Pakistani Leadership • 1988-1990 Benazir Bhutto 1993-1996 Prime Minister • 1990-1993 Nawaz Sharif 1997-1999 Prime Minister • 1999-2008 General Pervez Musharraf • 2008-Present Zardari Austin 2006

  9. History of Pakistan’s Political Leaders • 1948: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founding father of Pakistan, dies • 1951: Jinnah’s successor, Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated. • 1956: Constitution proclaims Pakistan as Islamic Republic. • 1958: General Ayyub Khan becomes president. • 1969: General Yahya Khan takes over in a coup. • 1973: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Benazir’s father) becomes PM. • 1979: General Zia ul-Haq overthrows and hangs Bhutto in a military coup & becomes president. Daughter Benazir goes into exile, returns in 1986. • 1988: Gen. Zia dies in mysterious plane crash. Bhutto’s Pakistan’s Peoples Party wins election & she becomes PM. • 1990: Benazir Bhutto is dismissed as PM on charges of incompetence & corruption.

  10. History of Pakistan’s Leaders Continued • 1991: PM Nawaz Sharif begins economic liberalization. • 1993: PM Sharif resigns under pressure from military. General election brings Bhutto back to power. • 1996: President Leghari dismisses Bhutto’s government amid corruption allegations. • 1996: Nawaz Sharif returns as PM after his Pakistan Muslim League wins elections. • 1999: Bhutto and her husband are convicted of corruption and sentenced. Benazir flees to exile. Later that year Sharif is overthrown by General Pervez Musharraf in a military coup. • 2002: Musharraf grants himself new powers including the right to dismiss parliament. • 2007: Bhutto’s and Sharif’s parties protest Musharraf. Musharraf takes over media and communication networks. • 2008: Musharraf forced to step down in face of impeachment • 2011: Musharraf indicted for assassination of Benazir Bhutto

  11. A Pattern of Instability • Many different governments rule Pakistan, non achieve stability • Benazir Bhutto leads Pakistan in 1980s and 1990s but is ousted. The military now rules. • Bhutto is assassinated in 2007. U.S. President George W. Bush condemned the assassination in a 27 December press conference.

  12. General Ayub Khan1958-1969 • Pakistan’s first military ruler • Popular reforms won him reelection in 1960 • Martial law ended with 1962 constitution • Resigned in 1969 and gave power to Gen. Yahya Khan www.frontlineonnet.com Austin 2006

  13. General Yahya Khan1969-1971 • Immediately declared martial law and made himself president • Held the first general elections of Pakistan in Dec. 1970 • Differences between East and West Pakistan led to civil war and Bangladesh’s independence www.thestoryofpakistan.com Austin 2006

  14. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto1971 • Leader of the most popular party • Became president when Yahya Khan resigned in August 1973, and a new constitution went into effect. • Bhutto resigned from the presidency to become prime minister • Later was overthrown and hanged http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/319906.stm Austin 2006

  15. Gen. Muhammad Zia-ul-Hag1977-1985 • Enforced Martial Law for the third time in the short Pakistani history • Commissioned in the British Army in World War II and served in Burma, Malaya and Indonesia http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk/html Austin 2006

  16. General Zia-ul-Haq • Joined Pakistani army when Pakistan became independent. • Appointed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as Chief of Army Staff, superseding five senior Generals. • Carried out a bloodless coup overthrowing Bhutto's government and enforced Martial Law in the country. Austin 2006

  17. Benazir Bhutto1988-1990; 1993-1996 • Educated at Ratcliff and Oxford • Detained and imprisoned for leadership of Pakistan Peoples Party • Pledged to focus on health, social welfare and education www.cia.gov/cia/publicantions/factbood/geos/pk/html Austin 2006

  18. Benazir Bhutto • First woman to head government of an Islamic state • Deposed in 1990 by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan who dissolved parliament to force an election. • Re-elected in 1993 and dismissed three years later http://www.wic.org/bio/bbhutto.htm Austin 2006

  19. Nawaq Sharif1990-1993; 1997-1999 • Two non-consecutive terms as prime minister • First term: platform of conservative government to end corruption. • Returned to power in 1997, changed the constitution. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk.html Austin 2006

  20. South Asia’s first motorway linked Lahore and Islamabad. Nuclear tests on May 28, 1998, responded to Indian nuclear tests Unpopular after “Kargil War,” at the time Pakistan and India were negotiating peace. Overthrown in 1999, exiled to Saudi Arabia Nawaq Sharif Sharif taking oath as P.M. for second time http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A088 Austin 2006

  21. Pervez Musharraf2001-2008 • Became de facto Head of Government after bloodless coup d’état • Supreme Court ordered elections and referendum • National Assembly had plurality in favor of Musharraf-deadlocked http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk/html Austin 2006

  22. Pervez Musharraf2001-2008 • Vote of confidence in 2004 for term through 2007 • Sided with United States against Taliban • Declared that exiled leaders could not return for general elections. • Gave use of three air bases to United States • Served as both Army Chief and President Austin 2006

  23. Gen. PervexMusharaff • Coup d’etat. • Secular government against Islamic fundamentalists. • U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.”

  24. The Musharraf Era • Musharraf came to power in a 1999 military coup, self appointed as president in 2001. • Enjoyed western support due to his announced intentions in 2002 to combat extremists in Pakistan. • Legitimacy of his rule is dubious - In 2007 he suspended the constitution and jailed several supreme court members before they were about to evaluate the validity of his election. • During Musharraf’s time Pakistan enjoyed impressive economic performance. • Musharraf’s approval rating plummeted to 15%.

  25. Pakistan, The U.S. and the War on Terror • US supported Pakistan and Musharraf ever since he pledged to be an ally to the US in the war on terror. • US placed its faith in Musharraf by appropriating over $10B in foreign aid since 9/11. • Stark contrast to the sanctions US had against Pakistan before Musharraf pledged his support. • Question now is whether or not the US should have continued to support Musharraf since he became widely unpopular and Illegitimate.

  26. President Prime Minister Asif Ali Zardari Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani

  27. Effects: Suffering Economy • Economy suffered from decades of internal political disputes • a fast growing population • mixed levels of foreign investment • a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring India

  28. Nuclear Rivalry Between Pakistan and India

  29. Nuclear Power: India-Pakistan Indian Nuclear Power Plants Pakistani Nuclear Power Plants

  30. India Weapon of Mass Destruction • India does possess nuclear weapons and maintains short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles, nuclear-capable aircraft, surface ships, and submarines under development as possible delivery systems and platforms. • Although it lacks an operational ballistic missile submarines India has ambitions of possessing a nuclear triad in the near future.

  31. India Weapon of Mass Destruction • India tested a nuclear device in 1974 (code-named "Smiling Buddha"), which it called a "peaceful nuclear explosive." • India performed further nuclear tests in 1998 (code-named "Operation Shakti").

  32. The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats Up in the Late 1990s

  33. THE “ISLAMIC BOMB” • PAKISTAN EXPLODED ITS FIRST NUCLEAR DEVICE IN DESERT IN 1998. • DR. A.Q. KHAN RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS SECRET DEVELOPMENT, AND SHARED TECHNOLOGY WITH “ROGUE STATES” LIKE LIBYA, NORTH KOREA, MAYBE OTHERS

  34. Supporters of former Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee chant nationalist slogans in support for his nuclear policy - 1998

  35. 1998: India tested their first nuclear weapon. Pakistan followed with nuclear tests.

  36. Former Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, displays a sword given to him by Sikh youths in New Delhi to honor him for making India a nuclear power - 1998

  37. Right-wing Pakistani Activists Burn Indian Flag to Protest Indian Nuclear Tests - 1998

  38. Hot Air Balloon Protesting India & Pakistan’s nuclear testing - 1998

  39. 2002 Military Statistics

  40. India Displays Nuclear Missiles During “Republic Day,” - 2002

  41. India Successfully Tested Agni Missiles - 2002

  42. 2002 Nuclear Statistics

  43. Musharraf and Vajpayee at a meeting on nuclear issues in Nepal in 2002

  44. Pakistan Kashmir Conflict

  45. Threat of Taliban to Pakistan

  46. Taliban Connections Rooted in Pakistan • The Taliban emerged as a powerful movement in late 1994 when Pakistan chose the Taliban to guard a convoy trying to open a trade route from Pakistan to Central Asia. • With Pakistan providing weapons, military training, and financial support, the Taliban gained control over several Afghan cities and successfully captured Kabul in September 1996

  47. Taliban Connections to Pakistan • Pakistani support for the Taliban is based on strong religious and ethnic bonds between the Taliban and Pakistan, especially with the tribal areas on the North-West borders of Pakistan. • Most of the Taliban’s leaders were educated in refugee camps in Pakistan where they had escaped the Soviet invasion. • Taliban militants are Sunni Muslim Pashtuns, and Pashtuns constitute thirteen percent of the total population of Pakistan. • Pashtuns dominate the Pakistani military and are concentrated in the North-West Frontier province, which was the command center for the Mujahedeen groups fighting the Soviet troops and a major destination for the Afghan refugees

  48. Taliban Connections to Pakistan • Pakistani Taliban members have been involved: • In insurgent activity and terrorist attacks inside Afghanistan • Trained the Times Square bomber Faisal Shehzad • Participated in numerous suicide bombings and urban guerrilla attacks inside Pakistan including the siege at the Pakistan Naval Base Mehran in Karachi

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