Social Studies 11

1. Social Studies 11 Chapter 1: A Different Canada

2. Canada: 1905 population: 7,200,000

3. Canada 2015 population: 35,000,000

4. Society and Manners • Most Canadians lived on farms or in villages • moral strictness • most convictions for property damage and drunkenness

5. Women in the early 1900s • Courtship a community process • Women could be teachers or nurses. (A few doctors!) • suffragists wanted the vote

6. Arts and Leisure • Novels popular • paintings of landscapes and religion • running, swimming, cycling

7. Still a British Nation • Britain still controlled Canada’s foreign policy. • Alaska Boundary Dispute • Most English Canadians still imperialists • Boer War

8. Immigration • Laurier wanted to fill up the “last Best West” • Open Door Policy • Most Canadians ethnocentric

9. Obstacles to Immigration • Chinese: Head Tax • India: Continuous Passage Law • Japan: Asiatic Exclusion League

10. Aboriginal Peoples • Policy of assimilation • First Nations people forced to live on reserves • residential schools took their children • potlatch banned

11. potlatch

12. Questions (pgs 3 - 12) • Define the following terms: imperialism, suffragist, ethnocentrism, assimilation • How did Canada’s governments try to stop certain immigrants? • Describe the policies designed to assimilate First Nations Canadians.

13. Urbanization • people were moving from the country to the cities in huge numbers • this caused all kinds of problems for infrastructure • (Infrastructure is the stuff you need to build a modern economy on, power, sewer, water, etc)

14. An Economy Transformed • Canada was becoming a major exporter, timber, wheat, and minerals • Gold was discovered in the Yukon • Electricity was transforming the nation • Trade unions were formed • In 1914 a recession was taking hold in Canada

15. War and Change • Prime Minister Laurier predicted that the twentieth century would become Canada’s century • Canada would have to get through a war first

16. Questions (pgs 13 - 19) • What problems were caused by urbanization? • Describe the relationship between unions and employers. • What new inventions happened during this time? (pg. 14)

17. Chapter 2

18. The Beginning of WW1 • June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie are assassinated in Sarajevo • The murder of the Archduke pitted the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy), against the Triple Entente, (Britain, France, and Russia)

19. The Beginning of WW1 • Empires and alliances had been building for years • Nationalism and imperialism had made the situation into a powder keg • As long as there was a balance of power (both sides even) there was peace

20. The Alliances

21. Canada’s Response • English Canada was enthusiastic about the prospects of war, French Canada not so • More than 30,000 volunteers signed up when the call went out • Sam Hughes was put in charge of training and equipping the troops • bad equipment: leaky boots, the jamming ross rifle • Boot camps tried to develop a national identity

22. Canada’s Response • The government instituted the War Measures Act which greatly increased the governments power • Habeas corpus was suspended and internment camps were set up to isolate recent German and other enemy immigrants

23. The War on Land • The Germans had developed the Schlieffen Plan as a two front strategy for war • the plan was to quickly invade Belgium and capture Paris and then concentrate on the Russian border • new technology had made this plan obsolete, and the war quickly slid into a stalemate

24. The War on Land • life in the two trenches that snaked across Europe was horrible • soldiers suffered from “shell shock” and “trench foot” • The area between the trenches was called “no man’s land”

25. The CEF in Battle • The second battle of Ypres, April 22, 1915 • Germans used chlorine gas • Canadians held their position.

26. The CEF in Battle • The battle of the Somme, July 1916 • Outdated strategies caused huge casualties under the leadership of General Douglas Haig • First battle with tanks

27. The CEF in Battle • The battle of Vimy Ridge saw new strategies developed by General Julian Byng (ex. creeping barrage, tunnels) • Before the battle on April 9, 1917, troops had rehearsed what to do • Canadian troops gained more ground at Vimy than any other offensive in the war

28. The CEF in Battle • Passchendaele was the battle that saw Canadian General Arthur Currie in charge of Canadian troops for the first time • The offensive was a huge success • Women were of great help with nursing and driving ambulances

30. The War in the Air • most planes at the start of the war were primitive, and not used for fighting • as the war progressed new developments in planes allowed for fighting • many Canadians were considered “aces”

31. The War at Sea • Germany had developed a submarine which would cripple the British fleet • Canada was quickly becoming the most important link in the war by helping ferry supplies and munitions to the front

32. The War at Home • Canada’s economy was transformed into a war economy • Now production was for the war effort • All resources were now needed for the war • To pay for the war a temporary income tax was introduced • Women were expected to replace men in the factories

33. The War at Home • Propaganda was designed to persuade people to support the war • It (propaganda) was usually a distortion of the truth • It encouraged people to buy “victory bonds”

34. The War at Home • On December 6, 1917 the French supply vessel Mont Blanc exploded in the Halifax harbour killing between 2000 to 3000 people and injuring scores more

35. The Conscription Crisis • conscription is compulsory enlistment for military service • when PM Borden returned from England he saw the need for more troops and introduced the Military Service Act • at first, the law allowed for exemptions, such as conscientious objectors • conscription divided the country along language and customs lines

36. The Conscription Crisis • PM Borden decided to call an election over the issue of conscription, and passed two pieces of legislation that would ensure his re-election • The Military Voters Act: Soldiers overseas could vote • The Wartime Elections Act: Women who were relatives of soldiers could vote. Conscientious objectors and “enemy aliens” couldn’t.

37. The Conscription Crisis • Borden also invited the opposition Liberals to join with him forming a Union government • Anti-conscription riots broke out in Quebec • Henry Bourassa, Quebec’s Premier, spoke against conscription as unfair

38. The Central Powers Collapse • two events in 1917 helped bring an end to the war • the first was the abdication of the Czar of Russia because of the October Revolution

39. The Central Powers Collapse • The second event was the USA joining the war in April • The German submarines were sinking any boat that came near Britain. • They sank an American passenger ship called the Lusitania.

40. The Central Powers Collapse • the German army was exhausted and could no longer fight now that the Americans had joined the war • finally on November 11,1918 an armistice was signed • at the Paris Peace Conference, the Treaty of Versailles was signed spelling out the terms of peace

41. The Central Powers Collapse • Germany would be punished severely. They were blamed for the war because they gave Austria-Hungary the “blank cheque”. • They lost a lot of territory • They could not have an army • They had to pay reparations to the victors

42. The Central Powers Collapse • The Treaty of Versailles also established the League of Nations • This would ensure that no future war would happen • HOWEVER, the League of Nations was missing some major countries (like USA) and didn’t have a way to enforce its demands

44. The Central Powers Collapse • As for Canada, Robert Borden insisted that we have our own seat at the Paris Peace Conference and at the League of Nations. • This showed Canada growing independence from Britain.