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Where are we going with our genes? D o we need GMO's?

http://metz.une.edu.au/~bkinghor/. their. Siemens Science Experience January 14-16th 2003 . Where are we going with our genes? D o we need GMO's?. Brian Kinghorn. Sygen Chair of Genetic Information Systems. New Genetic Technologies ….

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Where are we going with our genes? D o we need GMO's?

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  1. http://metz.une.edu.au/~bkinghor/ their Siemens Science Experience January 14-16th 2003. Where are we going with our genes?Do we need GMO's? Brian Kinghorn Sygen Chair of Genetic Information Systems

  2. New Genetic Technologies … • Give us knowledge on structure and function of genetic material and its downstream products. • Let us manipulate that material directly or indirectly to target improved and novel function: • Agriculture • Health (especially diagnostics) • Forensics (who done it?) • Manufacturing (including Farmaceuticals)

  3. http://www.expasy.ch/cgi-bin/show_thumbnails.pl

  4. “DNA Chips” Affymetrix GeneChip®

  5. “DNA chips” to “Lab-on-a-chip” Nanoinstrumentation ... Fluid channels Pumps Electrophoresis Lasers Polymerase Chain Reaction Mixing things power supplies Heating and lots of other excitingthings on a somewhat small scale …

  6. “DNA Chips”Masks of oligonucleoides etc. on silicon. www.affymetrix.com

  7. Microarrays for detecting gene and protein expression[www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/microArray.html]

  8. Microarrays for detecting gene and protein expression

  9. Gene expression programmingCandida Ferreira http://www.gene-expression-programming.com “Organism” “DNA” + Q / +/Q*c-abde - c * a e b d

  10. Toolbox Gene expression programming ? “Organism” “DNA” ???????????

  11. Sources of information for inferring biological activity Eg. a disease cycle

  12. Agriculture: why seek genetic change? • Animals and plants convert inputs to outputs.  • Better animals and plants do the job more efficiently. • We can improve animals and plants by changing them genetically.

  13. Active and passive approaches to bringing about genetic change. Passive • Gene detection • Gene location • Indirect marker • Direct marker • Marker-assisted breeding Active • Gene detection • Gene location • Gene cloning • Gene construct • Gene transfer

  14. Gene Transfer http://www.criver.com/techdocs/transgen.html

  15. Genetically Modified OrganismsProspects • Increased production efficiency • Disease resistance • Herbicide resistance • Labour savings • Increased production function • Daffodil beta-carotene into rice • Fat profiles in milk and meat • Control of ripening • Production in more marginal environments • Caffeine-free coffee • Allergen-free peanuts

  16. Genetically Modified OrganismsProspects • Increased safety in agriculture • Reduced application of pesticides and herbicides • Eg. secretion of chitinase from sweat glands in sheep. (Immunological or structural change is better) • Production of pharmaceuticals & neutraceuticals • Human proteins etc. in milk from transgenic sheep

  17. Genetically Modified OrganismsProspects • Artificially generated DNA sequences • In-vitro optimisation of isozyme sequences • Designer fibres • Novel pharmaceuticals & neutraceuticals • Gene therapy • Somatic modifications • Screening of gametes (non-GMO)  IVF • Gene therapy of gametes (GMO)  IVF

  18. Genetically Modified OrganismsProspects • Pure research • Leading to understanding of life processes. • Eg. Use of ‘knockout’ mice.

  19. Genetically Modified OrganismsPitfalls

  20. Genetically Modified OrganismsPitfalls

  21. Genetically Modified OrganismsPitfalls

  22. Genetically Modified OrganismsPitfalls

  23. That was the active approach to genetic change. Now the passive approach …

  24. Major gene Genetic markers Genetic markers and a major gene. Chromosomes from Dad Chromosomes from Mum

  25. Q q q q q q q q q q Q q Q q Q q q q q q Q q q q  × × ×  ×  × ×   ×

  26. His semen: A A A A A A B B B B B B B A A B B Indirect genetic markers A A Ram: B

  27. A A A A A A B B B B B B B A A B B Indirect genetic markers A B ‘recombinants’

  28. A A A A A A B B B B B B B A A B B Indirect genetic markers A B ‘recombinants’

  29. A B B B B B B B A A A A A A A A B B Indirect genetic markers B ‘recombinants’

  30. A B A B A B A B B A B A B ‘recombinants’ A B A B Indirect genetic markers A In reality, we are colorblind ... B

  31. Simple QTL detection with markers

  32. QTL detection with markers Logarithm of the ODds Log(prob result with QTL) Log(prob result without QTL)

  33. Direct genetic markers A B A - always circle, always good B - always triangle, always bad

  34. “Marker Assisted Selection”(The Passive approach) • Gather information about the genes carried by each individual • Use this information to help select parents and allocate mates • Just do what could have happened ‘naturally’ anyway. • No recombinant DNA • No funny test-tube business

  35. Conclusions • New genetic technologies are causing a revolution • GMOs give: • Biggest prospects, biggest pitfalls • Philosophy on evaluating GMOs: • Actively seek potential problems • Scientists must not adopt a defensive attitude • Using just information from DNA work provides a slower but safe route • GMOs will ultimately be used widely, and for more innovative purposes.

  36. The End http://metz.une.edu.au/~bkinghor/

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