Exploring Chinese Education: Past and Present

1. A Glimpse of Chinese Culture Chapter 5 Education

3. 本章教学的目的 • 1. 了解中国教育发展简史; • 2. 掌握古今教育有关常用术语; • 3. 探讨中国教育现状及心目中的优秀教师标准。

4. 本章教学的重难点 • 1. 古代教育模式、科举制度 • 2. 现代教育基本概况 • 3. 国际交流与合作 • 4. 有关优秀教师标准的讨论

5. 本章教学的时间安排 • 教师课堂讲解（60 minutes） • 1. The Development of Traditional Education (25 minutes) • 2. Present Education (30 minutes) • 3. International Exchanges and Cooperation (5 minutes) • 师生讨论 (10 minutes) • 学生课件展示 (30 minutes)

6. The Development of Traditional Education ( 25 minutes) • Private Schools (5 minutes) • Official Schools (10 minutes ) • Imperial Examination System (10 minutes)

7. Private Schools • A private school refers to a school set up by a family, clan, or teacher that generally had just one teacher who gave individual tuition, and that had no set textbooks and no specified time span of study. • In the Spring and Autumn Period, private schools prevailed and many scholars of different schools of thought spread their teaching in this way. Among them, the private school run by Confucius was the largest and most influential.

9. Official Schools • Official schools began during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and were sponsored (创办) by the official constitution called Xiangxue (乡学: official institutions). Only children of nobles were admitted. • The official schooling system included a central school and local schools in different administrative regions. • The teaching materials were centered onthe Four Books andthe Five Classics (四书五经).

10. Four Books The Great Learning 《大学》 The Doctrine of Mean 《中庸》 The Analects of Confucius 《论语》 Mencius 《孟子》 Five Classics The Book of Poems 《诗经》 The Book of History 《尚书》 The Book of Rites 《礼记》 The Book of Changes 《易经》 The Spring and Autumn Annals 《春秋》 What are the Four Books and the Five Classics ?

11. It came into being during the Tang Dynasty and continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty. They were established in various localities for studies and lectures. The Academy of Classic Learning (书院)

12. Yuelu Academy (岳麓书院) Bailudong Academy (白鹿洞书院) Do you know four famous academies of ancient China?

13. Songyang Academy (嵩阳书院) Yingtian Academy (应天书院)

14. How did the imperial examination system appear? • After the Sui Dynasty, these private and official schools had gradually deteriorated (衰败) into a dependency on the imperial examination system (科举考试制度), through which officials were selected.

15. Imperial Examination System • The system of the imperial examination, or Keju (科举) in Chinese, dominated education in China’s feudal society. It became the method, by which talented people were recognized and selected as government officials. The practice began in the Sui Dynasty and lasted more than 1,300 years until the last examination, which was held during the Qing Dynasty.

16. “Xiangshi” (乡试) During the Ming and the Qing dynasties, imperial examinations were held once every three years in various provincial capitals for the selection of Juren from the Xiucai who had passed such an examination at the county level. What are the two levels conducted in the Imperial Examination?

17. “Huishi”(会试) During the Ming and the Qing dynasties imperial examinations were held once every three years in the capital for those candidates successful in the provincial examination.

18. It featured writing, which involved the writing of an Eight-part essay (八股文), and was designed to select Jinshi 。 The civil examination An essay in this style must consist of eight paragraphs: setting the theme (破题), exposition (承题), explanation (起讲), proceeding to set hand (入手), the stating part (起股), the middle part (中股), the real part (后股) and the ending part (束股), each of the last four parts includes two pairs of parallel sentences, totaling eight pairs.

20. The Military Examination • The military examination featured martial arts, including horsemanship, archery, and weightlifting.

21. 三元及第坊 三元, 是省级的“乡试”、全国的“会试”和皇帝亲自主持的“殿试”均名列第一，分别获得“解元”、“会元”、“状元”称号的缩略。自唐代以科举取士1000多年来，连中三元的仅13人，清代两百多年中仅有2人。把用巨石镌刻的牌坊置于王城正门之上，是封建社会给科举成名者的至高荣誉。 More Information…

22. New Learning • Very different type of school called New Learning, modeled after Western educational institutions, replaced the traditional official schools. Public schools were founded in all parts of the country with many subjects of study offered as part of the curriculum.

23. Present Education (30 minutes) • Basic Education (10 minutes) • Senior Middle School and Secondary Vocational School (5 minutes) • Higher Education (5 minutes) • Adult Education (5 minutes) • Special Education (2 minutes) • Vocational Education (1 minutes) • Education for Ethnic Groups (2 minutes)

24. Basic Education • Basic education encompasses preschool education, primary school education and middle school education (junior middle and senior middle). • The length of schooling is: five or six years in primary schools, three years in junior middle schools, and three years in senior middle schools.

25. Pre-school education • The main forms of China’s preschool education are nurseries and kindergartens.

26. China’s nurseries provide care for babies under the age of three. There are day nurseries as well as boarding nurseries (全托), which release their charges for the weekend.

27. Kindergartens enroll children from age three to six. Game playing forms the main part of their educational activities.

28. How do you understand Nine-year Compulsory Education? • The law of compulsory education came into effect on July 1, 1986, requiring each child to have nine years of formal education. • China’s Nine-year Compulsory Education is composed of two parts: six-years in primary school and three-years in junior high school.

29. The curriculum is designed to ensure a rounded development of the students morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically (德智体美全面发展), based upon cognitive (认识) learning and the developmental needs of children at different ages.

30. In 1989, China launched two ambitious projects: Project Hope (希望工程) and the Spring Bud Project (春蕾计划) These two projects have helped children, especially girls, in poor areas to attend schools.

31. Senior Middle School and Secondary Vocational School • Senior Middle School • The three-year Senior Middle School (or senior middle-school) education is a preparation period for the students to enter colleges and universities. • Courses: Chinese language, mathematics, English, physics, chemistry, physiology, history, geography, biology, and politics.

32. The National College Entrance Examinationis an academic examination held annually in China aimed to select high-school graduates for college admissions.

33. Secondary vocational education • An alternative to high school. • Objective: to train people who have a comprehensive vocational capability and will work at the front ranks of production, services, technical services, and management. After three years of study, students can go directly into jobs within their related fields.

34. Higher Education • The history of higher education in China can be traced back to the Han Dynasty about 2000 years ago. • In Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the institute for higher education was called Guo Zi Jian (国子监), which was also the highest administrative bureau for national affairs. It was the equivalent to the current Ministry of Education

37. More than two thousand universities, colleges, and institutes in China offer four or five-year programs. • Students who have earned Bachelor of Arts or Science degrees may apply for Master of Arts or Science programs and then three-year Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programs.

38. By 2004, China had established a mechanism for helping needy students. Based around government student-loans, the mechanism also includes scholarships, subsidies (助学金), and remission of tuition fees (免学费).

39. Adult Education • Adult education has the greatest number of potential students, was the first to use a distance education system, and it makes lifelong learning possible. • It can be divided into certificate and non-certificate study.

40. Special Education • Special education means the use of special methods, equipment, and resources to provide education for disabled people. • Its objective is to make up for their physiological and mental deficiencies (缺陷) by enabling them to acquire labor skills of varying degrees, gain essential living skills, and to develop the ability to adapt and communicate socially.

41. Vocational Education • China’s vocational education is mainly composed of advanced vocational schools, secondary technical schools, skilled workers’ schools, vocational middle schools, job training centers, and other technical training schools for adults. They are run by community groups or individuals.

42. Education for Ethnic Minorities • Education for ethnic minorities (EFEM) is an important component of China's educational strategy. • Appropriate government funds have been allocated (划拨) to meet the expenditure needs of ethnic education. • Schools of all categories and of all levels have trained a large number of ethnic people with special skills. These people in all walks of life have made a great contribution to the economic and social development of ethnic regions and China.

43. International Exchanges and Cooperation • Studying abroad • At the end of 2005, a total number of 933,470 Chinese students and scholars studied in 108 countries and regions all over the world, covering almost all disciplines.

44. International Students in China • By the end of 2005, the total number of international students in China had increased to 870,000. • They are from more than 160 different countries and study in 568 universities or colleges in China.

45. Other exchanges and programs • Academic exchanges • Cooperation in research projects

46. Discussion (10 minutes) • What is the criterion of a best teacher?

47. Group 1 Title Participants Presenter Presentation (10 minutes) Comments (5 minutes) Group 2 Title Participants Presenter Presentation (10 minutes) Comments (5 minutes) Students’ PPT Presentation(30 minutes)

48. Exercises • Discussion topic for next class: Which one do you choose, traditional Chinese medicine or Western medicine?