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Pervasive Computing and Sustainability

Pervasive Computing and Sustainability. Dr. Krishna Kant National Science Foundation George Mason University. Session on: Pervasive Computing and Smart Environments Oct 7-8, 2010 Center for Research in Wireless Mobility and Networking University of Texas at Arlington . Outline .

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Pervasive Computing and Sustainability

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  1. Pervasive Computing and Sustainability Dr. Krishna Kant National Science Foundation George Mason University Session on: Pervasive Computing and Smart Environments Oct 7-8, 2010 Center for Research in Wireless Mobility and Networking University of Texas at Arlington K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  2. Outline • Pervasive Computing and Sustainability • A bit about my research • NSF programs on Sustainability K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  3. Sustainability & Pervasive Computing Understanding Primary Factors Pervasive Computing Adaptation Impacts Mitigation K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  4. Dimensions of SustainabilityPrimary Factors Greenhouse gas emissions Habitat destruction/ Biodiversity reduction Natural resource depletion Toxic waste & contamination Interactions Oceanic health degradation Destructive agricultural practices Water waste & quality threats K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  5. Dimensions of SustainabilityImpacts Water Availability Forest Fires & other disasters Food Availability Severe weather patterns Interactions & reinforcements Invasive species expansion Sea level rise Disease propagation Population Migrations K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  6. Sustainability Challenge • Quantify sustainability of everything we use or do • Carbon footprint of manufacturing, distribution, & recycling • Carbon footprint of active usage • Use of natural resources (e.g., water) • Toxic inputs, effluents and byproducts • End of life treatment (e.g., extraction of toxic substances). • Drive metrics & impact based behavioral changes to enhance sustainability K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  7. Carbon Footprint of IT Devices • Related to life-cycle energy Consumption (LEC) • Direct Consumption (Non-usage) • Indirect Consumption • Need to consider both in proper context • LEC of my car or my computer, not a random one Distribution Manufacturing Usage Raw Materials Disposal K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  8. Toxic Materials in IT Devices • Computers • Batteries (Li-Ion safer than older Ni-Cd) • Circuit boards (Hg w/ small amounts of Pb & Cd) • LCD screen (backlight has Hg) • Plastics, epoxies, PVC, BFRs (Brominated flame retardents). • Many other toxic elements: Be, Tl, Sb, As, Ba, Cd, … • Non-toxic but valuable materials: Al, Cu, Fe, Sn, Au, Ag, … • Cell Phones • Smaller amounts of above. Coatings made of lead • Some statistics • Global e-waste: 40Billion Kg/yr, increasing at 3x normal waste rate • Small amounts can contaminate large area • E-waste: only <5% of total, but 70% all heavy metals K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  9. Where does Toxic E-waste go? K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  10. What happens to e-waste? • Toxic chemical releases due to improper open incineration • Seepage of toxic materials in ground-water • Quick obsolescence & dumped into regular garbage • Unsafe handling for valuable materials K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  11. We have a Problem • Usage energy/device going down, but #devices increasing • A trend from embedded devices to data centers • Mobile: 40-50% energy non usage related • Extraction of harmful materials, reusability of parts, upgradability, more challenging • Rebound effects – Laziness, greater penetration, dependence … K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  12. How do we address these? • Overdesign  smarter design • Fine-grain monitoring & control of energy usage • Reduce per capita LEC • Quantification of non-usage part of LEC & its reduction. • Context based control of energy usage of devices. • Tracking of toxic & valuable materials • So, do we embed tiny monitoring/tracking devices into everything? • A future nightmare or panacea? K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  13. Sustainable Pervasive Computing Challenges • Perhaps an altered vision? • Pervasive computing no longer about tiny devices seamlessly integrated into everything. • Fewer, larger, smarter, multi-sensor nodes • Retrievable & recyclable instead of invisible • Metrics & tradeoffs • LEC per application, instead of usage energy per application or LEC/device • Designs to minimize LEC per application and per capita (multiple apps considered together). K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  14. Sustainable Pervasive Computing Challenges • Hardware Technology • Eliminate toxic substances? Use biodegradable materials? • No valuable materials to justify offshore dumping? • Dead but trackable? • Tracking of toxic & valuable materials at device & higher levels. • Smarter sensing, not more sensing • Multi-modal collaborative sensing, • Inferencing to deduce missing data points K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  15. Current ResearchEnergy Adaptive Computing K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  16. Renewable Energy Push • Limit energy draw from grid • Less infrastructure • Less losses • but variable supply Need better power adaptability K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  17. High Temperature DC’s • Chiller-less oprn • Less energy/materials, but space inefficient • High temperature oprn • Smaller Toutlet – Tinlet • More throttling • More failure prone (?) X Need smarter thermal adaptability K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  18. Overdesign  Smarter Control • Smarter power supply • Digital control of phases based on current load. • On each phase change, need to rebalance phases. • Smaller heat sink, … Better power/thermal adaptability K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  19. Energy Adaptive Computing • Dynamic end to end adjustment to adapt to energy availability. K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  20. EAC Instances K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  21. EAC Challenges • Power as a resource • Effective & available power (similar to effective/available BW)? • Required at multiple levels: facility, enclosure, machine, … • Energy Adaptation Mechanisms • Multi-level control under changing supply & demands • Network control: Adaptation induced congestion & how to deal with it. • Security Issues • Leaner capacity makes energy attacks easier. K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  22. Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability (SEES) • Consolidation of several disparate efforts across NSF on sustainability. • 2011 request to Congress www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2011/pdf/23-NSF-Wide_Investments_fy2011.pdf • Goal: To generate discoveries & capabilities in climate and energy S&E needed to inform societal actions that lead to environmental and economic sustainability. • Emphasis Areas • Smart adaptation and mitigation, • Earth-friendly and energy-efficient technologies, • Workforce development for economic, energy & environmental sustainability. K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  23. FY 2011 NSF Budget Request ($M) Request to congress: not approved budget K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability http://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2011/index.jsp

  24. Drivers: NSB-NSF 2009 Study on Sustainability • Finding 1: … A comprehensive coordinated Federal strategy is required … • Finding 2: … Private and Federal support … of R&D is inadequate. • Finding 3: … The U.S. energy economy … does not adequately value environment ... • Finding 4: Human capital development in the sustainable energy sector is vital. • Finding 5: … Limited intl engagement and collaboration inhibits progress … • Finding 6: … Strong public consensus & support … are needed to achieve a national transformation … K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  25. Drivers: NSF Environment Advisory Committee Report • Increase support of interdisciplinary environmental research & coupled human/ natural systems. • Lead in developing sensor networks that monitor environmental variables & human activities with environmental consequences. • Redouble efforts promoting environmental education & public engagement. • Educate policymakers on complexities of environmental/socio-economic systems & tipping points. • Encourage a greater role for "citizen scientists.” K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  26. Constraint Reasoning & Optimization Conservation and Biodiversity Resource Economics, Environmental Sciences & Engr. Balancing Environmental & Socioeconomic Needs Data & Machine Learning Dynamical Models Transformative Synthesis Expeditions in Computing (CISE) Computational SustainabilityLead PI: Carla Gomes, Cornell University Goal for Sustainability • Establish computational sustainability as a new field • Bring new insights to sustainability challenges • Prepare a new generation to grapple with long-term sustainability Renewable Energy http://www.cis.cornell.edu/ics/projects/IRPs.php K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  27. Picture in 2010 • NSF wide Climate Research Initiative (CRI) • Earth System modeling (EaSM) plus 4 others • EaSM: • $45-$50M, deadline in June. Award TBA shortly • Two types 1: capability building, 2: Regular proposals • Many CS opportunities • Instrumentation, massive data mgmt, dealing with uncertainties & uneven fidelity, multilevel modeling, provenance techniques, … • Didn’t get much CS participation • Several issues: timing, not CS focused, … K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  28. Initiatives for 2011 • NSF wide • Climate Research Initiative continues • Energy-environment-society nexus a very important component • Environmentally friendly energy production, harvesting, distribution, usage • Smart grid & micro-grids • CISE focused SEES program for 2011 • Still being formulated, expected later in FY2011 • Interdisciplinary but CISE centric topics K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  29. Advertisement! • Special issue of Pervasive & Mobile Computing Journal on Sustainability • Guest Editors: K. Kant & S. Midkiff • Deadline: Dec 15, 2010 • http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/704220/description#description K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  30. Thank you! K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

  31. Thank you! K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

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