System: Mecano Presenters: Baolinh Le, [Bryce Carder] Course: Knowledge-based User Interfaces Date: April 29, 2003

1. Model-Based Automated Generation of User Interfaces Angel R. Puerta, Henrik Eriksson, John H. Gennari, and Mark A. Musen Seattle, August 1994 Medical Computer Science Group Knowledge Systems Laboratory Department of Medicine and Computer Science Stanford University Stanford, CA, 94305-5479 System: Mecano Presenters: Baolinh Le, [Bryce Carder] Course: Knowledge-based User Interfaces Date: April 29, 2003

2. Presentation Overview • Introduction • Mecano’s approach • Related works • Overview of Mecano • Domain models • Generation of dialog specification from domain models • Generation of domain-specific graphical editors • Participatory layout design and design revision • Analysis & Conclusions

3. Introduction • Current tools are able to generate the static layout of an interface from the application's data model • Data model is shared between the interface design and the target application design.

4. Mecano Approach • Use domain models instead of data models to generate both the static layout and the dynamic behavior of an interface. • A domain model is a high-level knowledge representation that captures all the definitions and relationships of a given application domain. • Dynamic interface behavior can be generated, and that are sharable across a range of applications. • Does not require any dialog specification editing and can generate complete dynamic behavior specifications even for large interfaces with hundreds of components.

5. Related Work • There are three types of systems related closely to Mecano approach: • Systems that use textual specifications to generate dialogs – Ex: ITS 89 • Systems that combine the use of data models and high-level dialog specifications – Ex: UIDE 92 • Systems that directly manipulate an interface model to produce an interface – Ex: HUMANOID 93

6. Mecano Overview

7. Domain Models

8. Generation of dialog specification from domain models

9. Generation of dialog specification from domain models

10. Generation of dialog specification from domain models • High-level dialog defines all interface windows, assigns interface objects to windows, and specifies the navigation schema among windows in the interface. • Low-level dialog defines specific dialog elements (widgets) to each interface object created at the high level and specifies how the standard behavior of the dialog element is modified for the given domain. • The dialog for window navigation is established during high-level dialog design but it can be refined, or augmented, at low-level design time.

11. High-Level Dialog Generation • The procedure to generate a high-level dialog design is as follows: • Each class in the hierarchy is assigned a window • Window navigation is established by searching the class hierarchy for links indicated by the allowed classes facet in the domain model. • Each window is assigned one interface object per slot in the class. After generation, the developer has the option of customizing the interface by splitting windows multiple objects into two or more windows.

12. Low-Level Dialog Generation • Elements are generated by examining the facets (properties) defined for each slot in the domain model. • The process is as follows: • Each interface object defined at high-level design time is assigned a dialog element (widget) by examining the facets of the corresponding slot in the domain model. • Ex: type string – text field; type Boolean – check-box; string&cardinality multiple-list browser. • Each dialog element may be assigned actions beyond the standard behavior of the dialog element by examining the facets of the corresponding slot in the domain model. • Ex: disabling editing in other dialog elements; updating values in other dialog elements after a user input action.

13. Generation of domain-specific graphical editors • Mecano can generate flow charts from a domain models • Consider the below slot information for the class Protocol • When intelligent dialog designer examines this slot during low-level dialog design, it assigned a graphical editor as the dialog element for that slot due to the type procedure defined for that slot. It also defines three graphical objects to be used during editing (as xrt, chemo, drug)

14. Participatory layout design and design revision • In Mecano, there are two types of revisions: layout and dialog. • The intelligent designer tool uses a layout algorithm to produce a preliminary layout of the interface objects. • Mecano is able to involve the end user in the process of custom-tailoring a layout. • Custom-tailoring information is kept on a database so that if the interface needs to be regenerated, the customization can be reapplied to the newly generated interface. • Substantial revisions of the domain model invalidate the information on the customization database. • Dialog design customizations can be made by editing directly the interface model. • Regeneration of the interface is not required. • Changes for additional dialog elements must be made to the domain model to define needed slots and classes. • Regeneration of the interface is required.

15. Analysis & Conclusions • Mecano allows generation of both static layout and dynamic behavior of domain-specific, form- and graph- based interfaces • Ex: medical treatment, elevator configuration • Mecano uses the application’s domain model, which includes the application’s data model • Allow automation capabilities over systems utilizing only data model • Support of participatory layout design involving end users of the applications and support for the iterativedesign without duplication of work.

16. Future Work • Concern with how to generate complex sequences of actions at low-level dialog design time • Working on the run-time system of Mecano to implement new types of widgets • Working on developing task models as components of generic interface model. • Overall, Mecano provides a framework for assisting the development of interfaces and for the study of interface models and the relationships between domain characteristics and user interface presentation and dialog.