Who became the President after Truman?

2. Who became the President after Truman? • Adlai Stevenson B. John F. Kennedy C. Dwight D. Eisenhower D. Richard Nixon

3. Eisenhower believed… A. We could contain communism through a series of small wars • We should threaten to use nuclear weapons to prevent wars • We should try negotiating for peace with the Soviets

4. 15.4 Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies

5. I. Massive Retaliation A. Dwight Eisenhower was elected President (1952) DWIGHT EISENHOWER WAS THE IMMENSELY POPULAR FORMER SUPREME COMMANDER OF ALLIED FORCES IN WWII. BOTH PARTIES WANTED HIM TO RUN AS THEIR CANDIDATE. EISENHOWER CHOSE TO RUN AS A REPUBLICAN. HE PLEDGED TO GO TO KOREA & END THE WAR.

6. CANDIDATES IN THE 1952 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

7. EISENHOWER AND VICE PRESIDENT NIXON ON ELECTION NIGHT NOVEMBER 1952

8. I. Massive Retaliation… B. Stalin died & was replaced by Nikita Khrushchev (1953) IN MARCH OF 1953 JOSEPH STALIN THE COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF THE SOVIET UNION DIED. HIS SUCCESSOR, NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV, DENOUNCED THE CRIMES OF STALIN AND SET OUT TO REFORM THE USSR.

9. I. Massive Retaliation… C. Believing that conventional wars were too costly, he created a defense plan called the “New Look” which relied on the air force & use of nuclear weapons 1. Planned on containing communism through a policy known as massive retaliation – U.S. would launch an instant nuclear attack if the Communists invaded others B-47 Stratojet was a medium range bomber designed to penetrate the Soviet Union B-52 Stratofortress was a long range bomber built to serve as a nuclear war deterrent

10. I. Massive Retaliation… D. Critics called this tough stance brinkmanship – the willingness to go to the brink of war to force others to back down – and felt it was too dangerous John Foster Dulles was Eisenhower's Secretary of State & was staunchly anti-Communist. He had been a critic of Truman's Doctrine of Containment and instead practiced “brinkmanship” which he defined as "the ability to get to the verge without getting into the war is the necessary art”.

11. I. Massive Retaliation… E. As a result, both nations produced even more nuclear weapons SANE, the Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy, began in 1957 & demanded changes to end the threat of nuclear fallout.

12. In 1957 a new word entered the world’s vocabulary: ICBM, short for intercontinental ballistic missiles. These were long range missiles carrying a nuclear warhead with ranges of over five thousand miles. No place on earth was safe from nuclear destruction. USSR WAS THE FIRST TO SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCH AN ICBM FIRST US ATLAS ICBM

13. II. The Space Race • In 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik, the first satellite to orbit Earth • Americans feared the satellites could carry nuclear weapons OCTOBER 4TH 1957 THE SPACE AGE BEGAN WHEN RUSSIA LAUNCHED SPUTNIK,THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE TO ORBIT THE EARTH. AMERICANS WERE SHOCKED THAT THE SOVIETS WERE THE FIRST INTO SPACE.

14. II. The Space Race… C. The Space Race was on; Eisenhower responded by… 1. Increasing funding for missile development 2. Educating more scientists & engineers 3. Starting NASA The U.S. did not get an object into orbit until January of 1958 after several embarrassing failures. The space race was on. The Soviets were the first to send a human to space (1961). Alan Shepard was the first American in space (1961). Ohio native John Glenn was the first American to orbit the Earth (1962). Neil Armstrong was the first person on the moon (1969).

15. Eisenhower’s defense plan was called… • The New Look • Massive Retaliation • Brinkmanship • Sputnik

16. As a result of Eisenhower’s new policy, he was able to cut military spending. • True • False

17. Which country was the first to send an object to space? • The Soviet Union • The United States

18. By the end of the 1950s, the world had ____ nuclear weapons as compared to the start of the 1950s. • more • less • the same amount of