From Farmer Field Schools (FFS) to Pastoralist Field Schools (PFS)

1. From Farmer Field Schools (FFS) to Pastoralist Field Schools (PFS) Adopting FFS to Pastoralism in Karamoja

2. Outline of the Presentation • Situation in Karamoja • FFSs as a Basis for the PFS • What is a PFS? • Why the PFS Approach? • PFS Purpose • Fundamental Values of the PFS • Possible PFS Topics • Challenges

3. The Situation in Karamoja • Largely semi-arid, with an average rainfall of 500 – 700 mm per year • Livelihood systems depend on livestock husbandry • Transhumance: production system is a dual system in which life revolves around two locations at the same time: the permanent settlement (manyatta) where predominantly agricultural production takes place and some animals are kept and the mobile cattle-camp (kraal) where pastoral production takes place • A drought is a recurrent and rather normalphenomenon in Karamoja where people experience prolonged dry seasons • Prolonged dry season every 3-5 years and a major drought every 10 years • Drought contingency planning is a predictable planning exercise based on normal pastoralist responses to environmental stress.

4. The Situation in Karamoja • Recent years have shown more frequent and more severe shocks to the Karimojongs’ livelihood system. As weather patterns become more volatile due to climate change, the possibility of rebuilding assets by the affected groups is limited due to reduced and less predictable periods between climatic shocks • A drought has often been a trigger to a humanitarian crisis but the increased vulnerability of the affected pastoralists over the years has increased the extent and severity of the crisis • Vulnerability is caused by a wide variety of complex and interacting factors such as population growth and increasing competition for scarce resources, which makes it difficult for the communities to recover. • As a result, livelihoods of pastoralists have been eroded

5. From FFS to PFS • Protecting and improving core livelihood assets is essential in the event of a crisis. New approaches are currently implemented where humanitarian agencies work with the community to find out existing ways of preparing for and managing drought situations. This means using local knowledge and practices. One of these approaches currently being piloted is the Pastoralist Field School (PFS) • Development of PFS started in 2006, major roll-out in 2008, and the concept, though at infancy has caught the attention of development agencies in Eastern Africa

6. From FFS to PFS • The PFS developed out of the Farmer Field School (FFS). The Farmers Field school approach (FFS) originated in Indonesia in 1989 in response to a pest outbreak caused by the misuse of pesticides on rice farms • Aims of the FFS: - build farmer’s productive capacity - analyse production systems - identify major constraints - test possible solutions, and - identify and adopt the most suitable practices

7. From FFS to PFS • Basic features of the FFS - The FFS is field based. FFSs are about practical, hands-on topics. The field is the teacher - Participatory process - Between 25 to 30 farmers participate in the FFS and meet regularly during the course of an agricultural season - No teaching but group discovery learning thus enhancing ownership - The FFS curriculum follows the natural cycle of its subject, be it crop, animal, soil, or handicrafts

8. What is a Pastoralist Field School (PFS) • Applied in the context of communities who live in arid and semi-arid regions and who depend on animal husbandry • Like FFS, PFS is a ‘school’ without walls • It stimulates local innovation in livestock production • It is a forum where a group of 30-40 pastoralists meet and make regular observations that relate their production (herds) to the rangeland ecosystem and vice versa • Decisions made on use and management of rangelands for livestock, are based on previous experiences and any new information that is shared in the forums • PFS is more about people development than technology development

9. Why the PFS-Approach? • The pastoralists system of livestock production is complex and is based on experience that is passed down from one generation to the next. There are, however, changes in the climate and diseases that require that pastoralists take into account a host of different factors from those that they were traditionally accustomed to. This knowledge and innovation is best realized from a participatory learning approach. • The objective of the PFS is to build pastoralists capacities to better cope with the challenges that are associated with drought and mobility of people and assets. • Sensitization for technical change and adoption of new technology is done by carrying out agro ecosystem observations of the landscape, regularly establishing what living and non-living elements are affecting the way of life of the pastoralists and how it is affecting the environment.

10. PFS Purpose • The overall goal is to assist the pastoralists’ livelihoods to become more resilient to disasters and also prepare them to seize new opportunities. It is about strengthening the capacity of livestock keepers to apply drought resilient, locally adapted and environmentally sound livestock production and agricultural practices • Objectives: - To facilitate pastoralist communities to learn new ways to solve problems at each stage of the drought cycle - To sharpen the ability of livestock keepers to make critical and informed decisions that strengthen their coping mechanisms. - To provide platforms where pastoral groupings and test and adapt a variety of agricultural options.

11. PFS Fundamental Values • Hands On / Learning by Doing • Systematic Training Process that responds to migration • No teaching! PFS is an extension approach and based on the principle of adult learning and every learner is a potential trainer. • Group discovery learning enhancing ownership • Participation • Unity is strength! Empowerment for collective action is facilitated through group dynamic activities

12. Possible PFS Topics • Livestock health - deworming, ethnoveterinary knowledge, drug quality and control • Livestock production - (mineral supplementation), fodder/forage production and preservation, natural resource management, livestock management practices, product processing and marketing • Business skills • Apiculture • Poultry keeping and fisheries • Peace building

13. Challenges • Mobility • Insecurity • Daily duties, i.e. watering, herding and security patrols • Traditional ceremonies, i.e. initiation, marriage • Lost or stolen livestock • (Rumors of) impeding raid • Instructions from traditional leaders/seers • Relief supply

14. Questions? Questions?