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Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome. Starts and ends with Romulus. Roman Geography. Rome – in Italian Peninsula Near Mediterranean Sea Apennines Mountain crosses the Italian Peninsula Alps divided Rome from rest of Europe Less bad lands than Greece, many rivers – easy transport, tie the country easily.

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Ancient Rome

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  1. Ancient Rome Starts and ends with Romulus

  2. Roman Geography • Rome – in Italian Peninsula • Near Mediterranean Sea • Apennines Mountain crosses the Italian Peninsula • Alps divided Rome from rest of Europe • Less bad lands than Greece, many rivers – easy transport, tie the country easily

  3. Natural Advantages • City hills – defensive • Tiber River, near port • Shallow, small boat pass • Fast, large boat can’t pass – no attack! • Tiber Valley – near trade route

  4. Monarchy Not Republic yet

  5. Legend…… • Romulus and Remus, twins of Mars (God of War) • Uncle threw them to Tiber • She-Wolf save them • Found Rome – Romulus kills Remus

  6. Tiny Rome! First Roman Settlement – 800 B.C. Built villages  formed city

  7. Monarchy of Rome • Kings had power • Allow Rome to grow • Old Boy aristocrat – Senate, advised king • Senate comes from Latin senex, meaning ‘Old Man’

  8. Thus, marks the start of Roman Republic, where all free adult male had privilege of being in government Transition to republic • Aristocrats were getting disappointed about Monarchy • Tarquin the Proud did bad things to people • Leaders overthrew Tarquin the Proud, commenced Roman Republic • Republic comes from Latin of res publica, meaning public thing/business

  9. Cultural Diffusion • Before Roman settlement, there were people already • Borrowed their culture • With Greece • Borrowed Greece legends – Greek Myth • Zeus  Jupiter • Athena  Minerva • Hera  Juno

  10. Etruscans • Most powerful of Italy then • Lived in north of Latium • As trading, learned many things (Greek, Phoenicians) • Had their own alphabet – Rome adopt it • Latin

  11. Military • Also example of cultural diffusion • Loss of war with Samnite • Decided to use Samnite’s military, maniples • Legion – 4,500 – 5,000 soldiers • Maniples – broke from Legions (60 – 160 soldiers) • Short sword - gladius

  12. Roman Republic “it was impossible even for native pronounce with certainty whether the whole system was aristocratic, democratic, or monarchical.” - Ancient historian Polybius

  13. Ancient Roman Constitution • Not written • Based on custom & Tradition • Government organized it

  14. Separation of Power • When monarchy ended, didn’t want any to have whole power • Worked for 500 years • To learn more about Roman Separation of Power……

  15. Veto it! • There were two consuls • Consuls were top leaders • Both consuls has to agree! • They can veto things • Veto means “I forbid” in Latin

  16. Assemblies • Democratic Part • Citizens (All free adult males) • Pass law, elect Magistrates • Rich people’s votes count more than poor’s

  17. The Senate • Oligarchic • Wealthy, government money, pass law, control foreign policy • Not represent people – guide state • Chosen by official named censor • Advised others – Rich, old people thought smarter than others

  18. Magistrates • Power of high officials – like monarch • Wealthy, ancestors was high officials • Elite family? Politics – essential • Moved from low to high • Race of honor

  19. Lower Officials • Quaestors • State’s Money • Help higher • Good at quaestors? Can be elected at aedile • Aedile hold festival

  20. Tribunes of the Plebs • Plebians – before becoming higher officials, become tribunes • Protect plebs • Can veto laws • Had huge amount of power • Not allowed go harm them/stop them from doing job

  21. Praetors • After aedile/tribune • Judge case • Manage city “Rome” • Lead military

  22. Consuls • After praetor, can become two consuls • Top officials • Looked over senate, assembly, highest judges

  23. Visible Symbols • Consuls & Praetors • Special toga • Lictor guarded • Sat on ivory chairs

  24. Checks & Balances – Yes, we still do it today • Consuls Veto • Assembly – by the Senate and Magistrates • Magistrates – by Assembly and the Senate • The Senate – by Assembly and Magistrates

  25. Differences – U.S. VS Rome Roman Republic • Only free man could vote • Slavery • Direct Democracy • Constitution non written • All American – as long as 18 or above can vote • No slavery • Representative Democracy • Constitution written U.S.

  26. Similarities – U.S. and Rome • There is senate • Check & Balance • President veto law as tribunes of plebs • Rule of Law – law applies to everyone

  27. Dictators • Senate choose dictator on emergency • Held absolute power, but only for 6 months • Cincinnatus – famous dictator • Chosen as dictator, quickly defeat • After that, did what he usually did - farming

  28. Paterfamilias • Oldest of the family has house’s power • Father can even kill their family • Power was forbidden by tradition • Women was active in society, can own things • Can’t have offices, can’t vote

  29. Slaves • 40% of population! • No right, but keep money, own property • Could be killed • Worked in mines, housework, teachers, secretaries • Spartacus fought against Rome in 70 B.C. • Crucified

  30. Punic Wars • 3 wars – Carthage & Rome • Hannibal – on 2nd war, came over Alps • Unexpectedly attack and win • 204 B.C., General Scipio attack Carthage • Defeat Carthage Hannibal Scipio

  31. Senator Cato Speech Economy………… Furthermore, it is my opinion that Carthage must be destroyed.

  32. Carthage ends • 146 B.C. – Carthage is destroyed by Rome • Carthage people were sold to slavery • Now, Rome owned more than one territory

  33. Downfall of Republic – 1 • People breaks rule • Magistrates become wealthy by stealing • Politicians use money to get elected • Poor • Tenant loose job as there are slaves from other territory • Government decides to give poor meals • 123 B.C., Tiberius Gracchus tried to give land to poor, killed by enemies

  34. Downfall of Republic – 2 • Military gets power • Gaius Marius, Consul, allowed poor people to join army • Before, only who has money for weapon could join • Poor to get successful afterwards, loyal to military general than Rome

  35. Rich VS Poor Rich • Large farm, tenant & slaves farm • Two story villa with gardens, etc., water • Political • As written, many farm for rich • Disease, fire common house, no water • Other than tenant, construct, stores, taverns, restaurants Poor

  36. Downfall of Republic – 3 • Civil Wars • Marius VS Sulla, Sulla won, became dictator for a year • Pompey & Senate VS Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar wins, became dictator for life • Who Was Julius Caesar?

  37. Who Was Julius Caesar? • At first, worked with Pompey, never cared about law & customs • Later, they had war • Julius Caesar crossed Rubicon with army (illegal) • Won, died in Ides of March (15th of March), 44 B.C.

  38. Republic Ends • Octavian, Caesar’s supporter & Stepson, has war with people who killed Caesar • Victory • Also has war with Mark Antony & Cleopatra • Victory • Starts Empire, titled Augustus, which means “greatly honored one” • Titled also used for later emperor

  39. Roman Empire Was empire before, if they had emperor

  40. Roman Empire – Culture (I) • Art • Mosaic • Greek Gods • Look like real people • Greek showed young, beautiful people, Roman showed real life

  41. Roman Empire – Culture (II) • Latin • Not used today, but influenced other languages – Romance languages • Romancelanguages – French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, etc. • Words such as etc., et al, educate, and more comes from Latin • Catholic use Latin

  42. Speeches • Cicero was good at it(Roman Republic) • Cicero was example for later

  43. Poetry • Virgil (Roman Republic) wrote Aeneid, based on Iliad & Odyssey • Hoarce (Republic to Empire) wrote Odes, about love, advises, etc. • Ovid (Republic to Empire) wrote verses about mythy

  44. Satire & Philosophy • Satire • Entertainment, making fun of government • Philosophy • Seneca developed from Greek • Stoic Philosophy

  45. Science & Medicine • Claudius Ptolemyin Egypt (Roman Empire) • Astronomer & Mathematician • Wrote Almagest (influenced until 1400, when proved wrong) • Claudius Galen studied with animals • Found out that arteries & vein carry blood

  46. Gladiators • Hosted even before Rome • Fought until one died • First for funeral, later only for entertainments • Winners were freed from slavery • Sometimes with teams, boats, or animals

  47. Gladiatorial Games Pictures

  48. Chariot Races • Location: Circus Maximus • 270,000 people could watch • People often died

  49. Law of Roman Empire • Twelve Tables • Early period no written, but in 400s B.C., wrote a law called Twelve Tables • Influences • Civil Law as in France, Spain, Portugal, Mexico, Brazil, Louisiana, U.S.

  50. PaxRomana • 30 B.C. – 180 A.D. • Period of Roman Peace where 65 million people were in steady place

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