Native Spirituality

1. Native Spirituality Sacred Symbols

2. The Symbol of Native Spirituality • There is no official symbol of Native Spirituality • This symbol is known as the Solar Cross • Circle – earth, time, days, seasons, lunar cycles, circle of the teepee, ritual dances and talking councils • Four points – movement of the sun (solstices and equinoxes), four medicine herbs (sweetgrass, sage, cedar, tobacco), four elements (air, water, fire, earth) and four colours and directions • black – west • white – north • red – south • yellow – east • Centre of circle – fifth direction, point of balance

3. Everything an Indian does is in a circle, and that is because the power of the world always works in circles, and everything tries to be round. Black Elk, 1863 -1950 Oglala Sioux Elder

4. Eagle Feather • The eagle is important because it is closest to heaven; because it’s far-sighted; because of its great beauty • Sometimes turkey feathers are used; the turkey has been described as “the eagle of the ground”; the bald eagle is the eagle of the sky & the turkey is the eagle of the ground.

5. Drum • Oldest instrument and sacred object • Round shape – circle of life • Rhythm of the drum is said to facilitate healing and realignment of the four realms of human existence (mental, spiritual, emotional and physical) as well as the voice of the Great Spirit. • Seen as a spiritual messenger that transmits the prayers of the people to the spirit world. The drum should never be struck in an aggressive manner. • Drums are crafted as a response to a visionary experience and are seen as animate objects and should therefore be treated and cared for with the utmost respect and reverence.

6. Drum (cont’d) • The drum represents: Person’s Heartbeat Nation’s Heartbeat Humanity’s Heartbeat Nature’s Heartbeat Earth’s Heartbeat Universe’s Heartbeat Divine’s Heartbeat

7. Cow Horn Rattle • Musical instrument that is used in social dances and ceremonial songs to call upon the ancestors/spirits. • Spirits from the four directions are called upon to help people who are seeking spiritual and physical cleansing (often during sweat lodge ceremony). • Materials used vary depending on groups. Gourds, turtle shells, raw hide, seeds, pebbles, buffalo horns and deer hooves are all common materials.

8. Pipe • Sacred pipes consist of two parts • Holding bowl - made out of bone, wood, stone or metal. Represents Mother Earth, the feminine, creativity, birth/rebirth, the womb, the heart, fertility and life. • Stem - made out of wood. Represents the sky, masculine, the spine, the transcendent and energy. • Pipe is considered a living entity that offers harmony, balance and wholeness to the smoker. It is never used as a recreational tool. • The smokers intentions should be pure, peaceful and positive. All negative or violent thoughts must be dismissed. Smudging ceremony must be performed before smoking in order to cleanse and purify the user.

9. Pipe (cont’d)

10. Pipe continued… • Bowl is held in left hand (closest to heart) • Tobacco and its smoke represents the seen and unseen worlds. After smoking, pipe is passed clockwise to the next person. One should never pick up the pipe on his own. • The pipe belongs to the community and is passed along to ‘custodians’ after cleansing rites have been performed.

11. Pipe Ceremony All the things of the universe are joined with you who smoke the pipe. All send their voices to Wakan Tanka, the Great Spirit. Black Elk

12. Pipe Ceremony When you pray with this pipe, you pray for and with everything. Black Elk

13. Deerskin Medicine Pouch • Carries objects/substances that have special meaning or “medicine” for the owner. Contains souvenirs from important moments in one’s life. • Pouches vary in sizes. • Contents are very personal and private. Only the carrier knows what is in it. • Carrying the medicine pouch is comparable to carrying sacred scriptures in other traditions.

14. Wooden Mask • False Face Society is one of the ‘curing’ societies among the Iroquois of the Great Lakes. • They used these wood carved masks to portray different mythical beings. • Each mask gives special curing powers to the society member who wears it. • Wearing the mask while chanting sacred songs and shaking rattles is believed to cure the sick. • Masks are also used when asking for a successful hunt, abundant harvest and for the safe passage of deceased loved ones.

15. Characteristics of the Mask • Painted red or black and ‘fed’ tobacco to keep their spirit alive. • Deep set eyes, sometimes with metal eye plats • Large, bent nose • Deeply wrinkled arched eyebrows • Various mouth expression dependant on mood, function and locality • Long hair, cut from horses tails, frame the face. Before the introduction of horses, corn husk braids or buffalo mane was used.

16. False Faces

18. Pacific Northwest Native Masks

19. Wooden Mask Carving The carver goes into the woods and ‘listens’ for a treewhose spirit calls to him. The carver explains the intent to the tree and offers tobacco to the tree’s spirit. The tree relays his spirit to the carver determining what kind of face will be carved. The bark is stripped and the face roughly carved then cut. If cut in the morning the mask would be painted red. If cut in the afternoon then it would be painted black.

21. Cornhusk Mask • Also known as Bushy Heads • These masks are believed to be inhabited by spirits associated with the corn harvest • Full size masks are worn by dancers during rites of the Mid-winter Ceremony (January) and the Green Corn Ceremony (Spring). They can be made to represent male or female spirits • Smaller, medium-size masks are used for asking the spirits for favours. • Miniature masks are used to calm spirits who disturb a person’s dream.

23. Native spirituality has four sacred plants or medicines. Burning these is deeply spiritual and used as a way to purify the spirit. Sacred Plants/Medicines

24. Tobacco Represent the east. Used to ‘sign’ a contract, for luck, and to show respect to ancestors and the Great Spirit. Tobacco should be held in the left hand and offered to the four directions before being scattered.

25. Cedar Represents the south. When burned, it acts as a purifier, cleansing the surrounding area.

26. Sweetgrass • Represents the north, signifying kindness and invites good spirits to enter. • Aromatic fragrance enhanced when the grass is wet or burned. • Braid signifies Mother Earth- three sections represent mind, body and spirit. • When sweetgrass is picked an offering of tobacco is made in return for its generosity.

27. Sage • Represents the west • Burned as a purifier and has a spicy smell • Has the power of spiritual healing. Aboriginals believe that when inhaled the sage fills the holes in one’s spirit with good thoughts and positive attitudes.

28. Smudging Ceremony Important Items • Smudge pot • Smudge Fan • Four sacred plants (tobacco, sage, sweetgrass and cedar) • Drums • Pipes

29. Smudging Items

30. Smudging Ceremony • Burning of one of the four sacred plants for prayer or purification. • Small amount of medicine is place in smudge pot, lit with a match and fanned with a feather to disperse the smoke. • Smoke is offered to the four directions and goes into the world where the spirits live. • People can be purified by wafting the smoke over their body, starting at the feet.

31. Smudging

32. Smudging Ceremony • Feathers are symbols of prayers and marks of honour, bringing joy, happiness and spiritual understanding. • Beadwork shows that they belong to a particular tribe or nation. • Ceremony involves the four elements: • Earth (herbs and ashes) • Air (smoke) • Fire (burning the herbs) • Water (shell).

33. Dream Catcher Two versions: • Hung over a bed so that bad dreams can be filtered through the web and evaporate. Good dreams stay caught in the web. • Bad dreams are caught and good ones fly free. The sunlight in the morning evaporates the bad dreams.

34. Medicine Wheel • Life is interconnected • Represents… • East – rising sun, birth, eagle, yellow • South – warmth/growth after winter, childhood, intellectual growth, moose • West – setting sun, night, adulthood, introspection and looking within one’s spirit, black, rain, bear • North – wisdom, elder, white, buffalo, strength and endurance • Centre - Mother Earth and the Creator and their role in the beginning and continuation of life.