1 / 19

Calicivirus

Calicivirus. Brittany Tompkins Melanie Mituta. Introduction. Family Caliciviridae Genus Vesivirus ; species: swine Lagovirus ; species: Rabbit hemorrhagic disease Norovirus ; species: Norwalk Sapovirus ; species: Sapporo

bowen
Download Presentation

Calicivirus

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Calicivirus Brittany Tompkins Melanie Mituta

  2. Introduction • Family Caliciviridae • Genus Vesivirus; species: swine • Lagovirus; species: Rabbit hemorrhagic disease • Norovirus; species: Norwalk • Sapovirus; species: Sapporo • Found in humans, rabbits, cattle, pigs, cats, chickens, reptiles, dolphins, sea lions, walruses, foxes, etc. • Single-stranded RNA, non-enveloped virus. • Not very well studied because they do not grow in culture and there’s no suitable animal model. • Transmission is generally by the fecal-oral route, but can also be transmitted via the respiratory route. • Vaccinations reduce the appearance of clinical signs and symptoms.

  3. Virus Info • Highly infectious • High degree of genomic plasticity • RNA polymerase poor ability to proofread resulting in mutations • Virus responds rapidly to selected pressures in the environment making it a very adaptable virus • Replicates in the oral and respiratory tissues

  4. Transmission • Worldwide distribution • Direct contact is the main method • of infection. • Shed in oronasal and conjunctival • secretions • Transmitted indirectly via • contamination of the environment • Incubation period of 2-6 days • Shed the virus for 2 to 3 weeks • Persists in the environment for several days to weeks, and • in some cases up to a year or more, depending on • environmental conditions

  5. Signs and Symptoms • Common Clinical Signs: • Lingual and Oral ulcers • Sneezing • Clear nasal discharge • Fever • Anorexia • Salivation • Inflammation and Irritation of the • nasal tissue and oral cavity • Lameness • Severe Clinical Signs: • Pneumonia - difficulty breathing • Depression • Coughing • Signs of Virulent Systemic Disease: • Cutaneous edema • Ulcerative lesions on the skin/paws • Crusted lesions on the nose, lips, ears, eyes and footpads • Alopecia • Jaundice • Respiratory distress • Bruising • Epistaxis – nose bleeds • Bloody feces • Multi-organ failure • Death

  6. Treatment Supportive Treatment IV or subcutaneous fluids Special diet and appetite Stimulants Tube feeding Broad spectrum Antibiotics Mucolytics NSAIDS Corticosteroids Dental cleaning and tooth extractions Antiviral Therapy Ribavirin Feline Interferon Immunoglobulins

  7. Prognosis • Calicivirus causes • respiratory symptoms that • usually heal within 2-3 • weeks  • Most clear the virus from • their systems within 30 days • Some remain persistently • infected, and will continue to • shed the virus • On rare occasions a highly • virulent strain of calicivirus • can progress to a systemic • form

  8. Prevention • Part of the core vaccination protocol • suggested for cats • Recommended at 8-9 weeks and 12 • weeks of age • Some kittens may need a third • booster at 16 wks (high risk situation) • Adult cats of unknown immune status should also be • vaccinated (booster 2-4 weeks later) • Herpes virus vaccination • Nearly impossible to avoid a cat contracting this disease at • some point

  9. Feline Calicivirus • 2009 study by Jas et al. • Tested 8-9 week old kittens known to be • pathogen free by challenge 1 week and 3-4 • weeks after vaccination of an • inactivated FCV vaccine • Efficacy of the vaccination was • comparable whether challenged • 1 week or 3-4 weeks after vaccination • Concluded the onset of protection occurred • within 7 days of vaccination

  10. Rabbit Hemorrhage Disease • Novel Calicivirus in Michigan (MRCV) • Hemorrhage, hepatic necrosis and sudden death • Highly susceptible = Domestic rabbits and free-ranging European rabbits • Unaffected = cottontail and hares • Jan. 2001 - New Zealand White rabbitry, 65/200, 32.5% fatality • MRCV distinct species from RHDV

  11. Wild Fox • 1977 study by Prato et al. • Tested 3 populations of wild • foxes for the presence of • neutralizing antibody to 4 • different calicivirus strains • Neutralizing activity was detected in • serum from 2 of the 3 populations

  12. Stellar Sea Lion • 1985, Rogue Reef off Oregon coast - first isolation • Transmission from marine to terrestrial species • Tagging operation led to isolation • Impact on species not assessed • however these disease agents • causes: • Vesicular lesions • Abortion • Encephalitis • Pneumonia

  13. Calicivirus in Humans • Commonly cause acute gastroenteritis, nausea, vomiting • and diarrhea • Virus multiplies within the small intestine • Incubation time of 2 days • Symptoms only generally last for 3 days • Most calicivirus infections do not call for medical attention • After infection, immunity is usually incomplete and • temporary • Affects people of all ages • Causes approximately 90% of epidemic non-bacterial • outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world, commonly • called the “stomach flu” • May be responsible for 50% of all foodborne outbreaks of • gastroenteritis in the US • Hand washing is an effective method to reduce the spread • of pathogens, but alcohol rubs are not very effective

  14. Conclusion As there is no known cure for calicivirus, control is essential. Carcasses should be buried While animals exposed to the virus should be quarantined or euthanized. Sanitizing objects that have come in contact with sick animals can be done more effectively by using bleach.

  15. Sources Bergin, I.L., A.G. Wise, S.R. Bolin, T.P. Mullaney, M. Kiupel, and R.K. Maes. 2009. Novel calicivirus identified in rabbits, michigan, usa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15.12:1955-1962. Jahnke, M., E.C. Holmes, P.J. Kerr, J.D. Wright, and T. Strive. 2010. Evolution and phylogeography of the nonpathogenic calicivirus rcv-a1 in wild rabbits in Australia. Journal of Virology, 84.23: 12397-12404. Jas, D., C. Aeberle, V. Lacombe, A.L. Guiot, and H. Poulet. 2009. Onset of immunity in kittens after vaccination with a non-adjuvanted vaccine against feline panleucopenia, feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus. Veterinary Journal, 182.1:86-93. Mencke, N., M. Vobis, H. Mehlhorn, J. D'Haese, M. Rehagen, S. Mangold-Gehring, & U. Truyen. 2009. Transmission of feline calicivirus via the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis). Parasitology Research, 105.1:185-189. Prato, C.M., T.G. Akers, and A.W. Smith. 1977. Calicivirus antibodies in wild fox populations. Journal of wildlife disease. 13.448-450. Skilling, D.E., J.E. Barlough, E.S. Berry, R.F. Brown, and A.W. Smith. 1987. First isolation of a calicivirus from the stellar sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 23.4:534-538.   Williams, E.S., T. Yuill, M. Artois, J. Fischer, and S.A. Haigh. 2002. Emerging infectious diseases in wildlife. Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties, 21.1:139-157.

  16. Questions?

More Related